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Human Anatomy > Ch. 5 - The Skeletal System: Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure > Flashcards

Ch. 5 - The Skeletal System: Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Osseous Tissue

A

Bone, a supporting connective tissue

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2
Q

Periosteum

A

Membrane that seprates osseous tissue from surrounding tissues

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3
Q

Endosteum

A

Membrane that lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones

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4
Q

Matrix of Bone

A

Calcium phosphate 2/3 weight of bone (strong but brittle)

Collagen fibers 1/3 weight of bone (weaker but flexible)

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5
Q

Functions of the Skeletal System

A
  1. Support
  2. Storage of Minerals
  3. Blood Cell Production
  4. Protection
  5. Leverage
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6
Q

Osteocytes

A

Type of bone cell

Mature bone cells that maintain and monitor the protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix.

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7
Q

Lacunae

A

Small chambers that osteocytes occupy. Sandwiches between layers of calcified matrix.

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8
Q

Lamellae

A

Matrix layers that sandwiches lacunae in bone

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9
Q

Canaliculi

A

Channels that radiate through the bone matrix from lacuna to lacuna and toward free surfaces and adjacent blood vessels

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10
Q

Osteoblasts

A

A type bone cell

Cells that are cuboidal in shape and found on the inner or outer surfaces of a bone. Produces new bone

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11
Q

Osteoid

A

Organic component of bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts. It later becomes mineralized through an unknown mechanism

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12
Q

Osteogenesis

A

A process of production of new bone

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13
Q

Osteoprogenitor Cells

A

A type of bone cell

Differentiate from mesenchyme and are found on the innermost layer of the periosteum and in the endosteum lining the medullary cavities. Can divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.

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14
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Type of bone cell

Secrete acids through the exocytosis of lysosomes. The acids dissolve the bony matrix and release amino acids and the stored calcium and phosphate.

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15
Q

Osteolysis

A

Erosion process where acids dissolve the bony matrix. This process increaes the calcium and phosphate concentrations in body fluids

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16
Q

Compact Bone

A

Relatively dense and solid.

Components: osteon, osteocytes, central canal, concentric lamellae, lacunae

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17
Q

Spongy Bone

A

Forms an open network of struts and plates. Helps reduce weight of skeleton and makes it easier for muscles to move bones

Components: trabeculae (or spicules)

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18
Q

Osteon

A

Basic functional unit of mature compact bone

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19
Q

Central Canal

A

Contains the blood vessels that supply the esteon.

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20
Q

Perforating Canals

A

Blood vessels in these canals deliver blood to osteons deeper in the bone and service the interior medullary cavity

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21
Q

Periosteum

A

General structure of a long bone

A dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints. A bone is covered externally by a two-layered periosteum (outer fibrous, inner cellular)

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22
Q

Endosteum

A

General structure of a long bone

Vascular membrane that lines the inner surface of long bones.

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23
Q

Epiphyses

A

General structure of a long bone

The end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft.

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24
Q

Diaphyses

A

General structure of a long bone

The shaft or central part of a long bone.

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25
Q

Metaphyses

A

General structure of a long bone

The growing part of a long bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis

26
Q

Epiphyseal Plate/Line

A

General structure of a long bone

A hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone. The plate is found in children and adolescents; in adults, who have stopped growing, the plate is replaced by an epiphyseal line.

27
Q

Medullary (Marrow) Cavity

A

General structure of a long bone

The medullary cavity is the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow is stored

28
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

General structure of a long bone

Prevents damaging bone-to-bone contact within the joint.

29
Q

Ossification

A

Process of replacing other tissues with bone

30
Q

Calcification

A

The deposition of calcium salts within a tissue

31
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Begins when mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts within embryonic or fibrous connective tissue

32
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Begins w/ the formation of a hyaline cartilage model. Uses interstitial (length increase) and appositional growth (diameter increase).

33
Q

Interstitial Growth

A

The cartilage model will grow in length by continuous cell division of chondrocytes, which is accompanied by further secretion of extracellular matrix (increases in length).

34
Q

Appositional Growth

A

Occurs when the cartilage model also grows in thickness due to the addition of more extracellular matrix on the peripheral cartilage surface, which is accompanied by new chondroblasts that develop from the perichondrium (increases in diameter).

35
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

Bones remodel according to the stress they are subjected to

36
Q

Long Bones

A

A classification of bone

Long and slender w/ a diaphysis, two metaphyses, two epiphyses, and a medullary (marrow) cavity

Found in upper and lower limbs (e.g., humerus radius, ulna, tibia)

37
Q

Flat Bones

A

A classification of bone

Thin, roughly parallel surfaces of compact bone (e.g., the roof of the skull).

38
Q

Pneumatized Bones

A

A classification of bone

Bones that are hollow or contain numerous air pockets

39
Q

Irregular Bones

A

A classification of bone

Complex shapes w/ short, flat, notched, or ridged surfaces

40
Q

Short Bones

A

A classification of bone

External surfaces are covered by compact bone, but the interior contains spongy bone (e.g., the carpal bones [wrist])

41
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

A classification of bone

Usually small, round, and flat (e.g., patella).

42
Q

Bone Markings

A

Surface features of bones that yield an abundance of anatomical information.

43
Q

Process

A

A bone marking (general elevation and projection)

Any projection or bump

44
Q

Ramus

A

A bone marking (general elevation and projection)

An extension of a bone making an angle to the rest of the structure

45
Q

Trochanter

A

A bone marking (process formed where tendons or ligaments attach)

A large, rough projection

46
Q

Tuberosity

A

A bone marking (processes formed where tendons or ligaments attach)

A rough projection

47
Q

Tubercle

A

A bone marking (processes formed where tendons or ligaments attach)

A small rounded projection

48
Q

Crest

A

A bone marking (processes formed where tendons or ligaments attach)

A prominent ridge

49
Q

Line

A

A bone marking (processes formed where tendons or ligaments attach)

A low ridge

50
Q

Epicondyle

A

A bone marking (processes formed where tendons or ligaments attach)

A protuberance above or on the condyle of a long bone

51
Q

Head

A

A bone marking (processes formed for articulartion w/ adjacent bones)

The expanded articular end of an epiphysis, often separated from the shaft by a narrower neck

52
Q

Condyle

A

A bone marking (processes formed for articulartion w/ adjacent bones)

A mooth, rounded articular process

53
Q

Facet

A

A bone marking (processes formed for articulartion w/ adjacent bones)

A small, flat articular surface

54
Q

Fossa

A

A bone marking (depresions)

A shallow depression

55
Q

Sulcus

A

A bone marking (depresions)

A narrow groove

56
Q

Foramen (Canal)

A

A bone marking (openings)

A rounded passageway for blood vessels and/or nerves

57
Q

Meatus

A

A bone marking (openings)

A passageway through the substance of a bone

58
Q

Fissure

A

A bone marking (openings)

An elongated cleft

59
Q

Sinus

A

A bone marking (openings)

A chamber within a bone, nornally filled with air

60
Q

Components of Skeletal System

A

Bones, cartilages, ligaments, and other connective tissues that stabilize or interconnect them.

Human Anatomy (4 decks)

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