Ch. 1 - Intro to Anatomy Flashcards
Microscopic Anatomy
Considers structures that cannot be seen without magnification.
Cytology
A subdivision of microscopic anatomy which analyzes the internal structure of cells.
Cells
The smallest units of life.
Histology
A subdivision of microscopic anatomy which analyzes tissues.
Tissues
Groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions.
Organs
Combination of tissues that form into anatomical units that have multiple functions.
Gross Anatomy or Macroscopic Anatomy
Considers relatively large structures and features visible to the unaided to the unaided eye.
Levels of Organization
From low to high:
- Chemical or molecular levels
- Cellular level
- Tissue level
- Organ level
Homeostasis
Characteristics of the internal environment will be relatively stable at all levels.
Differentiation
Individual cells become specialized to perform particular functions.
Cephalon
Anatomical region
Area of head
Cervicis
Anatomical region
Area of neck
Thoracis
Anatomical region
The chest
Brachium
Anatomical region
The segment of the upper limb closest to the trunk; the arm
Antebrachium
Anatomical region
The forearm
Carpus
Anatomical region
The wrist
Manus
Anatomical region
The hand
Abdomen
Anatomical region
The abdomen
Pelvis
Anatomical region
The pelvis (in general)
Pubis
Anatomical region
The anterior pelvis
Inguen
Anatomical region
The groin (crease between thigh and trunk)
Lumbus
Anatomical region
The lower back
Gluteus
Anatomical region
The buttock
Femur
Anatomical region
The thigh
Patella
Anatomical region
The kneecap
Crus
Anatomical region
The leg, from knee to ankle
Sura
Anatomical region
The calf
Tarsus
Anatomical region
The ankle
Pes
Anatomical region
The foot
Planta
Anatomical region
Plantar region of foot
Anatomical Position
The person stands with the legs together and the feet flat on the floor. The hands are at the sides, and the palms face forward.
Supine
Directional term
A person lying down in the anatomical position and lying face up.
Prone
Directional term
A person lying down in the anatomical position and lying face down.
Anterior
Directional term
The front; before
Ventral
Directional term
The bellyside (equivalent to posterior when referring to human body)
Posterior
Directional term
The back; behind
Dorsal
Directional term
The back (equivalent to posterior when referring to human body)
Proximal
Directional term
Toward an attached base
Distal
Directional term
Away from an attached base
Lateral
Directional term
Away from the midline (the longitudinal axis of the body)
Medial
Directional term
Toward the midline (the longitudinal axis of the body)
Ipsilateral
Directional term
Same side of the body
Contralateral
Directional term
Opposite side of body
Superior
Directional term
Above; at a higher level (in human body, toward the head)
Inferior
Directional term
Below; at a lower level; toward the feet
Superficial
Directional term
At, near, or relatively close to the body surface
Deep
Directional term
Toward the interior of the body; farther from the surface
Sagittal
Body plane of section
Separates right and left portions.
Midsagittal
Direction term
The planes passes through the midline, dividing the body in half and separating right and left sides
Parasagittal
Directional term
Misses the midline, separating right and left portions of unequal size.
Frontal or Coronal
Directional term
Separates anterior and posterior portions of the body
Transverse or Horizontal or Cross-sectional
Directional term
Separates superior and inferior portions of the body; sections typically pass through head and trunk regions
Body Cavities
Internal chambers that protect delicate organs from accidental shocks and cushion them from the thumps and bumps that occur during walking, jumping, and running.
Ventral Body Cavity
Contains organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems
Thoracic Cavity
Located in Ventral Body Cavity
Contains the lungs and heart, associated organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and lymphoid systems, as well as the thymus and inferior portions of the esophagus
Mediastinum
Located in Ventral Body Cavity > Thoracic Cavity
Subdivides left and right pleural cavities. Contains the trachea, esophagus, and major vessels.
Pleural Cavity
Located in Ventral Body Cavity > Thoracic Cavity
Surrounds the lungs
Pericardial Cavity
Located in Ventral Body Cavity > Thoracic Cavity > Mediastinum
A small chamber that surrounds the heart
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Located in Ventral Body Cavity
Contains the peritoneal cavity
Abdominal Cavity
Located in Ventral Body Cavity > Abdominopelvic Cavity
Contains many digestive glands and organs
Pelvic Cavity
Located in Ventral Body Cavity > Abdominopelvic Cavity
Contains urinary bladder, reproductive rgans, last portion of digestive tract
Pleura
Serous membrane lining a pleural cavity
Visceral Pleura
Serous membrane that covers the outer surfaces of a lung
Parietal Pleura
Serous membrane that covers the opposing mediastinal surface and the inner body wall
Pericardium
Serous membrane covering the heart
Visceral Pericardium
Serous membrane covering the heart
Parietal Pericardium
Serous membrane covering the opposing surface of the heart (not the heart side, but the other side)
Serous Membrane
Slippery membrane that reduces friction
Peritoneum
Serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity
Parietal Peritoneum
Serous membrane that lines the body wall
Visceral Peritoneum
Serous membrane that covers the enclosed organs
Cranium
Anatomical region
The skull
Bucca
Anatomical region
The cheek
Oris
Anatomical region
The mouth
Mentis
Anatomical region
The chin
Acromion
Anatomical region
The shoulder
Axilla
Anatomical region
The armpit
Olecranon
Anatomical region
Back of the elbow
Antecubital
Anatomical region
The front of the elbow
Palm
Anatomical region
The palm
Digits/Phalanges
Anatomical region
The finers and toes
Pollex
Anatomical region
The thumb
Umbillicus
Anatomical region
Center of the abdomen
Popliteus
Anatomical region
Back of the knee
Calcaneus
Anatomical region
The heel
Hallux
Anatomical region
The great toe
