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Human Anatomy > Ch. 3 - Tissues and Early Embryology > Flashcards

Ch. 3 - Tissues and Early Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue

A

Collections of specialized cells and cell products that perform a relatively limited number of functions

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2
Q

Primary Tissue Types

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Neural
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3
Q

Epithelium

A

A sheet of cells that covers an exposed surface or lines an internal cavity or passageway

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4
Q

Basal lamina

A

Complex structure produced by the epithelium and cells of the underlying connective tissue where typical epithelium is bound to

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5
Q

Avascular

A

Do not contain blood. Nutrients are obtained by diffusion or absorption across the apical or basal surfaces

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6
Q

Neuroepithelium

A

Specialized sensory epithelium found in special sense organs that provide the sensations of smell, taste, sight, equilibrium, and hearing

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7
Q

Gland Cells

A

Epithelial cells that produce secretions

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8
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

Most or all epithelial cells produce secretions

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9
Q

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

A
  1. Cellularity, polarity
  2. Attachment
  3. Avascularity
  4. Arranged into sheets or layers
  5. Regeneration
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10
Q

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

A
  1. Provide physical protection
  2. Control permeability
  3. Provide sensation
  4. Produce specialized secretions
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11
Q

Apical Surface

A

Where the cell is exposed to an internal or external environment

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12
Q

Basolateral Surface

A

Where the epithelium contacts the basal lamina and neighboring epithelial cells

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13
Q

Simple Epithelium

A

Only a single layer of cells cover basal lamina

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14
Q

Stratified Epithelium

A

Two or more layers of cells above the basal lamina

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15
Q

Squamous Epithelium

A

The cells are thin, flat, and somewhat irregular in shape. In a sectional view the nucleus occupies the thickest portion of each cell, and has a flattened shape similar to that of the cell as a whole; from the surface, the cells look like fried eggs laid side by side.

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16
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Locations: mesothelia lining ventral body cavities; endothelia lining heart and blood vessels; portions of kidney tubules (thin sections of nephron loops); inner lining of cornea; alveoli of lungs

Functions: reduces friction; controls vessel permeability; performs absorption and secretion

Components: cytoplasm and nucleus

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17
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Locations: surface of skin; lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina

Functions: provides physical protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attack

Components: connective tissue, basal lamina on top w/ stem cells, and squamous superficial cells on top

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18
Q

Keratinized

A

A protein that occurs where mechanical stress and dehydration are potential poblems. Located on apical layers of epithelial cells to make superficial layers both tough and water resistant

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19
Q

Non-Keratinized

A

Provides resistance to abrasion to epithelial, but epithelial will dry out and deteriorate unless kept moist

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20
Q

Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Resemble little hexagonal boxes; they appear square in typical sectional views. Each nucleus s near the center of the cell, which the distance between adjacent nuclei roughly equal to the height of the epithelium.

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21
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Locations: glands; ducts; portions of kidney tubules; thyroid gland

Functions: limited protection, secretion, absorption

Components: basal lamina w/ cuboidal cells on top and nucleus in center

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22
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Locations: lining of some ducts (rare)

Functions: protection, secretion, absorption

Components: lumen of duct, stratified cuboidal cells w/ nucleus in center and connected to basal lamina

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23
Q

Columnar Epithelial

A

Like cuboidal cells, they’re also hexagonal in cross section. In contrast to cuboidal cells though, their height is much greater than their width. The nuclei are crowded into a narrow band close to the basal lamina, and the height of the epithelium is several times th distance between two nuclei.

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24
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Locations: lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and collecting ducts of kidneys

Functions: protection, secretion, absorption

Components: microvilli, cytoplasm, nucleus close to basal lamina, loose connective tissue

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25
Q

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Locations: small areas of the pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary gland, salivary gland ducts, and urethra

Function: protection

Components: superficial columnar cells towards lumen

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26
Q

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

A

Locations: lining of nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi; portions of male reproductive tract

Functions: protection, secretion

Components: cilia on top, cytoplasm, nuclei, basal lamina

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27
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Locations: urinary bladder; renal pelvis; ureters

Functions: permits expansion and recoil after stretching

Components: epithelium (relaxed), basal lamina, connective tissue and smooth muscle layers

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28
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

A type of secretion

Secretions discharged onto surface of the skin or onto an epithelial surface lining one of the internal passageways that communicates with the surface lining of the internal passageways that communicates with the exterior through an epithelial duct that is connected to the surface of the skin or epithelial surface.

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29
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

A type of secretion

Secretions are released by exocytosis from the gland cells into the fluid surrounding the cell.

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30
Q

Serous Glands

A

Exocrine gland

Secrete a watery solution that usually contains enzymes, such as the salivary amylase in saliva.

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31
Q

Mucous Glands

A

Exocrine gland

Secrete glycoproteins called mucins that absorb water to form a slippery mucus, such as the mucus in saliva

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32
Q

Mixed Excocrine Glands

A

Exocrine gland

Contains more than one type of gland cell and may produce two different exocrine secretions, one serous, and the other mucous.

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33
Q

Hormones

A

Secreted by endocrine. They diffise into the blood for distribution to other regions of the body, where they regulate or coordinate the activities of various tissues, organs, and organ systems

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34
Q

Unicellular Glands

A

A type of gland structure

The individual secretory cells in epithelia that contains scattered glands. These glands secrete mucins.

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35
Q

Multicellular Glands

A

A type of gland structure

Include glandular epithelia and aggregations of gland cells that produce exocrine or endocrine secretions

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36
Q

Merocrine Secretion

A

A mode of secretion

The secretory product is released through exocytosis

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37
Q

Apocrine Secretion

A

A mode of secretion

Involves the loss of cytoplasm as well as the secretory product. The apical portion of the cytoplasm becomes packed with secretory vescicles before it is shed.

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38
Q

Holocrine Secretion

A

A mode of secretion

Destroys the gland cell. The entire cell becomes packed with secretory products and then bursts apart.

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39
Q

Connective Tissues

A

Tissues found throughout the body but are never exposed to the environment outside the body.

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40
Q

Ground Substance

A

A fluid substance

Non-fibrous portion of the extracellular matrix.

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41
Q

Functions of Connective Tissue

A
  1. Framework for body
  2. Transporting fluids and dissolved materials
  3. Protection for delicate organs
  4. Supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other tissue types
  5. Storing energy reserves
  6. Defending the body from invasion by microorganisms
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42
Q

Fixed Cells

A

Connective tissue proper cell type

Stationary and are involved primarily with local maintenance, repair, and energy storage

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43
Q

Wandering Cells

A

Connective tissue proper cell type

Concerned primarily with the defense and repair of damaged tissues.

44
Q

Mesenchymal Cells

A

Type of fixed cell

Stems cells

45
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Type of fixed cell

Produce tissue fibers

46
Q

Fixed Macrophages

A

Type of fixed cell

Engulf damaged cells or pathogens that enter the tissue

47
Q

Adipocytes

A

Type of fixed cell

Fat cells

48
Q

Melanocytes

A

Type of fixed cell

Synthesize and store a brown pigment called melanin which gives the tissue a dark color

49
Q

Free Macrophages

A

Type of wandering cell

Reinforces fixed macrophages

50
Q

Mast Cells

A

Type of wandering cell

Releases chemicals after injury or infection which stimulates local inflammation

51
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Type of wandering cell

Increase wherever tissue damage occurs, and some develop into plasmocytes (responsible for production of antibodies, proteins involved in defending body against disease)

52
Q

Neutrophils and Eosinophils

A

Type of wandering cell

Attracted to infection or injury

53
Q

Fibrocytes

A

Type of fixed cell

Differentiate from fibroblasts

54
Q

Collagen Fibers

A

Connective tissue fiber

Long, straight, and unbranched

55
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

Thinner than collagen fibers, and they form a branching, interwoven framework that is tough but flexible.

56
Q

Elastic Fibers

A

Connective tissue fiber

Branching and wavy, and after stretching up to 150% of their resting length, they recoil to their original dimensions

57
Q

Mesenchyme

A

First connective tissue to appear in developing embryo. Contains star-shaped cells that are separated by a matrix that contains very fine protein filaments. This CT gives rise to all other CT’s, including fluid CT’s, cartilage, and bone.

58
Q

Loose Connective Tissues

A

A type of connective tissue proper

“Packing material” of the body. These tissues fill spaces between organs, provide cushioning, and support epithelia

59
Q

Areolar Tissue

A

A type of loose connective tissue

Locations: Within and deep to the dermis of skin, and covered by the epithelial lining of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts; between muscles; around blood vessels, nerves, and around joints.

Functions: Cushions organs; provides support but permits independent movement; phagocytic cells provide defense against pathogens

Components: collagen fibers, elastic fibers, fibrocytes, and adipocyte

60
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

A type of loose connective tissue

Locations: Deep to the skin, esp at sides, buttocks, breasts; padiding around eyes and kidneys

Functions: Provides padding and cushions shocks; insulates (reduces heat loss); stores energy

Components: adipocytes

61
Q

White Fat

A

Type of adipose tissue

Provides padding, cushions shocks, acts as an insulator to slow heat loss through the skin, and serves as packing or filler around structures

62
Q

Brown Fat

A

Type of adipose tissue

Highly vascularized, and the individual cells contain numerous mitochondria, which gives the tissue a deep, rich color form which the name brown fat is derived

63
Q

Reticular Tissue

A

A type of loose connective tissue

Locations: Liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

Functions: Provides supporting framework

Components: reticular fibers

64
Q

Dense Connective Tissues (Collagenous Tissues)

A

A type of connective tissue proper

Most of its volume is collagen fibers.

65
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

A type of dense connective tissue

Collagen fibers are packed tightly and aligned parallel to applied forces

66
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A

Type of dense connective tissue

Location: Capsules of visceral organs; periostea and perichondria; nerve and muscle sheaths; dermis

Functions: Provides strength ro resist forces applied from many directions; helps prevent overexpansion of organs such as the urinary bladder.

Components: collagen fiber bundles (w/ no consistent patterns)

67
Q

Elastic Tissue

A

Type of dense connective tissue

Locations: Between vertebrae of the spinal column (ligamentum nuchae); ligaments supporting penis; ligaments supporting transitional epithelia; in blood vessel walls

Components: elastic fibers and fibrocyte nuclei

68
Q

Supporting Connective Tissues

A

Provides a strong framework that supports the rest of the body (cartilage and bone)

69
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Cartilage cells found within the cartilage matrix

70
Q

Cartilage

A

A type of supporting connective tissue

Physical property depends on the nature of the matrix. Collagen fibers provide tensile strength, and the combined characteristics of the extracellular fibers and the ground substance give it flexibility and resilience.

71
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

A type of cartilage

Locations: Between tips of ribs and bones of sternum; covering bone surfaces at synovial joints; supporting larynx (voice box), trachea, and bronchi; forming part of nasal septum

Functions: Provides stiff but somewhat flexible support; reduces friction between bony surfaces

Components: chondrocytes in lacunea, and matrix

72
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

A type of cartilage

Locations: Auricle of external ear; epiglottis; auditory canal; cuneiform cartilages of larynx

Functions: Provides support, but tolerates distortion w/o damage and returns to original shape

Components: chondrocyte in lacuna and elsatic fibers in matrix

73
Q

Fibrous Cartilage

A

A type of cartilage

Locations: Pads within knee joint; between pubic bones of pelvis; intervertebral discs

Functinos: Resists compression; prevents bone-to-bone contact; limits relative movement

Components: collagen fibers in matrix and chondrocytes in lacuna

74
Q

Bone

A

Osseos tissue. Matrix a mix of calcium salts (strong but brittle) and collagen fibers (weaker but flexible). General organization is lacunae within matrix contain bone cells (osteocytes) and often organized around blood vessels that branch through BONY matrix.

75
Q

Osteocytes

A

Bone cells that communicate with blood vessels and with one another through slender cytoplasmic extensions

76
Q

Canaliculi

A

Form a branching network for the exchange of materials between blood vessels and osteocytes

77
Q

Compact Bone

A

Contains blood vessels trapped within the matrix

78
Q

Spongy Bone (Cancellous)

A

Does not contain blood vessels trapped within the matrix

79
Q

Periosteum

A

Sheaths almost all bone surfaces, which is composed of a fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer. Assists in attachment of a bone to surrounding tissues and to associated tendons and ligaments. The cellular layer functions in bone growth and participates in repairs after an injury

80
Q

Membranes

A

Each consists of an epithelial sheet and an underlying connective tissue layer

81
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

A type of membrane

Line passageways that communicate w/ the exterior, including the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts. Forms a barrier that resists the entry of pathogens

82
Q

Serous Membranes

A

A type of membrane

Line the subdivisions of the ventral body cavity. Primary function is minimizing friction between these opposing surfaces

83
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

A type of membrane

The skin; covers the surface of the body. Consists of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar connective tissue reinforced by a layer of dense connective tissue.

84
Q

Synovial Membranes

A

A type of membrane

Consists of extensive areas of areolar tissue bounded by an incomplete superficial layer of squamous or cuboidal cells. Joints thatpermit significant movement are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and contain a joint cavity lined by a synovial membrane

85
Q

Fascia

A

A general term for a layer or sheet of connective tissue that can be seen on gross dissection

86
Q

Superficial Fascia or Subcutaneous Layer

A

A type of fascia

This layer of loose connective tissue separates the skin from underlying tissues and organs. It provides insulation and padding and lets the skin or underlying structures move independently.

87
Q

Deep Fascia

A

A type of fascia

Consists of dense regular connective tisse. The fiber organization resembles that of plywood: All the fibers in an individual layer run in the same direction, but the orientation of the fibers changes from one layer to another. This variation helps the tissue resist forces applied from many diff directions.

88
Q

Subserous Fascia

A

A type of fascia

A layer of loose connective tissue that lies between the deep fascia and the serous membranes that line body cavities

89
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Specialized for contraction. They are capable of powerful contractions that shorten the cell along its longitudinal axis

90
Q

Sacroplasm

A

Cytoplasm of a muscle cell

91
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Refers to plasmalemma

92
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

A type of muscle tissue

Locations: Combined w/ connective tissues and neural tissue in skeletal tissue

Functions: Moves or stabilizes the position of the skeleton; guards entrances and exits to the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts; generates heat; protects internal organs

Components: Muscle fiber, striations, nuclei

93
Q

Multinucleate

A

Cell containing hundreds of nuclei lying just under the surface of the sarcolemma

94
Q

Striated Voluntary Muscle

A

Skeletal muscle fibers appear to have a banded appearance that can have voluntary control their activities

95
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissues

A

A type of muscle tissue

Locations: Heart

Functions: Circulates blood; maintains blood (hydrostatic) pressure

Components: Nucleus, cardiac muscle cells, intercalated discs, striations

96
Q

Intercarlated Discs

A

Specialized regions where extensive connections between cardiac muscle cells form

97
Q

Pacemaker Cells

A

Specialized cardic muscle cells establish a regular rate of contraction

98
Q

Striated Involuntary Muscle

A

Does not provide voluntary control over individual cardiac muscle cells

99
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

A type of muscle tissue

Locations: Found in the walls of blood vessels and in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs

Functions: Moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions; controls diameter of respiratory passageways; regulates diameter of blood vessels

Components: Smooth muscle cell and nucleus

100
Q

Nonstriated Involuntary Muscle

A

Nervous system does not provide voluntary control over contractions in smooth muscles

101
Q

Neural Tissue

A

Specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses form one region of the body to another

102
Q

Cell Body

A

Neuron component that contains a large prominent necleus

103
Q

Dendrites

A

Site on neuron that receives incoming messages

104
Q

Axon

A

Conduct outgoing messages in neuron

105
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Reduction in bone strength in women caused by a combination of inactivity, low dietary calcium levels, and a reduction in circulating estrogens

Human Anatomy (4 decks)

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