ch 5 Structure and Function of large biological molecules Flashcards
3 classes of macromolecules
carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
polymer
long molecule with many similar building blocks linked by covalent bonds.
monomer
the repeating units of a polymer
condensation reaction
The forming of a bond when monomers are connected by a reaction in which a water molecule is removed
enzymes
macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells
hydrolysis
The breaking of a bond when a water molecule is added.
carbohydrates
a sugar (monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide)
monosaccharide
simple sugars
glycosidic linkage
a covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
Starch
a way plants store sugar
glycogen
a way animals store sugar
chitin
structural polysaccharide for arthropods
lipids
hydrophobic molecules
triglyceride
fat; 3 fatty acid molecules joined to glycerol by an ester linkage
saturated fatty acid
as many hydrogen atoms as possible on a carbon skeleton because there are no double bonds
unsaturated fatty acid
a carbon skeleton with one or more double bonds, causing a kink in its hydrocarbon chain
phospholipids
form the double layered cell wall
steroids
lipid with a 4 ringed carbon skeleton
cholesterol
synthesized in the liver, precursor for other steroids, common component of cell membrane
catalysts
chemical agents that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed
polypeptide
polymers of amino acids
Protein
one or more polypeptides folded into 3D
peptide bond
covalent bond due to dehydration reaction of 2 amino acids
denaturation
change in the original shape of a lipid
chaperonins
protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins
