Ch. 5 Stereotypes Prejudice, Discrimination

Question 1

Racism

Answer 1

prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s racial background

Question 2

Stereotype Threat

Answer 2

A phenomenon where individuals underperform on tasks because of the fear of confirming negative stereotypes about their social group. This occurs even if the individual does not personally believe in the stereotype .

Question 3

*Stereotype valence

Answer 3

positivity/negativity of a stereotype

Question 4

Prejudice

Answer 4

Defined as negative feelings toward individuals because of their connection to a specific social group. (liberals and conservatives have the same amount of prejudice, conservatives just have less socially acceptable ones)

Question 5

Discrimination

Answer 5

Negative behaviors directed against individuals based on their membership in a particular group.

Question 6

Racism in recent years

Answer 6

Racial prejudice on decline for 70 years, but recent spike especially west Europe, systemic racism still present most places

Question 7

Modern racism

Answer 7

A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize.

Question 8

*Old fashioned racism

Answer 8

Blatant racism

Question 9

Aversive racism

Answer 9

Racism that concerns the ambivalence between both fair-minded attitudes and beliefs, and unconscious and unrecognized prejudicial feelings and beliefs.

Modern theories state that while most people would consider themselves fair, they still feel anxious around other races

Question 10

Moral credentials

Answer 10

People argue that they are morally fair in order to take actions that could be prejudiced

Question 11

Study by Jason Okonofua and Jennifer Eberhardt on racism

Answer 11

Schoolteachers gave similar punishment to Black and White children once, but then the second time, gave a more severe punishment to the Black children. Proves:
1. Though biases are often very difficult to see, they are present in abundance
2. racism is often not evident until a bigger picture is revealed

Question 12

Implicit racism

Answer 12

Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally. (Could involve making people of color feel uncomfortable, making professionalism challenging)

Question 13

Interracial Interactions

Answer 13

Many people don’t want to appear prejudiced, and will monitor their behavior, making an otherwise smooth conversation really awkward.

Acting “race blind” and not describing someone by their skin tone is the opposite of helpful, as it often works as erasure.

Question 14

Sexism

Answer 14

Defined as prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s gender. It can manifest both on an individual level (personal biases against individuals of a certain gender) and through institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender (typically men) over another (typically women). Interestingly unlike other forms of bias it is not descriptive but rather perspective (how they believe one should act or is).

Question 15

Ambivalent Sexism

Answer 15

A form of sexism characterized by two components: hostile sexism, benevolent sexism

Question 16

Hostile sexism

Answer 16

Negative, resentful feelings about women’s abilities, value, and challenge to men’s power

Question 17

Benevolent sexism

Answer 17

Affectionate, chivalrous feelings founded on the potentially patronizing belief that women need and deserve protection

Question 18

Objectification

Answer 18

Refers to the treatment of individuals (typically women) as objects or mere bodies. Perpetuated by capitalism (women seen as sexual objects in commercials)

Question 19

Sexism in workforce

Answer 19

There is a gender wage gap and also a gender job position gap

Question 20

Discrimination today

Answer 20

Most common types of acceptable discrimination today are based on weight and sexuality (maybe more gender identity than sexuality but i’m not reading the newest edition el oh el) BUT opinions on sexuality have practically SWAPPED in the last twenty years

Question 21

Stigmatized

Answer 21

Being persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant, and devalued in society because of membership in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic

Question 22

Stereotype Threat

Answer 22

The experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about one’s group. Affects people even if they do not believe the stereotype. Can affect academic achievement in two ways:
1. The “threat in the air” feeling causes anxiety and distraction
2. If the threat is too chronic, the individual may stop associating with school altogether

Question 23

Steele’s stereotype threat experiment

Question 24

Social categorization

Answer 24

The classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes. Some categories are less rigid than we think. (e.g. people used to consider irish americans a different race)

Question 25

Ingroups

Answer 25

Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity.

Question 26

Outgroups

Answer 26

Groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity.

Question 27

Outgroup homogeneity effect

Answer 27

The tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups.

Question 28

Cause of outgroup homogeneity effect

Answer 28

1. Lack of contact with (and therefore detailed knowledge of) outgroups 2. Incomplete samples of outgroup behavior (only see them in certain contexts) 3ish. Brain more activated when presented with faces of/info on supposed ingroup members

Question 29

Dehumanization of outgroups

Answer 29

Using the IAT, psychologists have found that people associating certain outgroups with animals are more likely to treat them as such (killing, raping, harassing women and black people)

Question 30

Fundamental motives between groups

Answer 30

We likely evolved to form a fundamental motive to protect one’s ingroup and be suspicious of outgroups. This is done to protect cultural worldviews and by extension self-esteem

Question 31

Social dominance orientation

Answer 31

A desire to see one’s ingroup as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups.

Question 32

System justification theory

Answer 32

A theory that proposes that people are motivated (at least in part) to defend and justify the existing social, political, and economic conditions.

Question 33

Stereotype content model

Answer 33

A model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence and warmth.

Question 34

Subordinate goal

Answer 34

A shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups.

Question 35

Realistic conflict theory

Answer 35

The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources

Question 36

Relative deprivation

Answer 36

Feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared with others

Question 37

Minimal group paradigm

Answer 37

Experiment method used to study minimal criteria for discrimination. Created by creating random groups that have nothing in common to begin with, and assigning them a group/quality.

Question 38

Henri Tajfel et al. "Overestimators vs underestimators"

Answer 38

People were placed (at random) into groups of "underestimators" and "overestimators". In later activities, these people with nothing in common were more likely to support the group they were placed into. Proves ingroup favoritism only needs a sense of group belongingness

Question 39

Ingroup favoritism

Answer 39

The tendency to discriminate in favor of ingroups over outgroups.

Question 40

Social Identity Theory

Answer 40

The theory that people favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self-esteem. Two components: personal identity and collective/social identities pertaining to groups we belong to

Question 41

Shadenfreude

Answer 41

The experience of pleasure at other people’s misfortunes, particularly for celebrities or others we don’t feel empathy for.

Question 42

Predictions based on social identity theory

Answer 42

1: Threats to one’s self-esteem heighten the need for ingroup favoritism 2: Expressions of ingroup favoritism enhance one’s self-esteem

Question 43

Steven Fein and Steven Spencer

Answer 43

Proposed that people respond to threats to one’s self-esteem with negative stereotypes toward outgroup members in order to make themselves feel better. People were given negative feedback on social tests they had taken,

Question 44

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 44

The psychological discomfort experienced when holding two conflicting beliefs

Question 45

Implicit Bias

Answer 45

Unconscious attitudes or stereotypes that affect understanding

Question 46

*Factors affecting implicit bias

Answer 46

- How threatened we feel by outgroup - If we say we are biased explicitly ("I love sexism") - How much we interact with opposing group - How agreeable a person we are - How much our own group is important to us ("I love the part of the barbie movie where ken was in charge") - If this other group is stored near negative info in our brain

Question 47

Social Contact Theory

Answer 47

This theory suggests that increased communication and interaction between groups can help reduce prejudice

Question 48

Dual-Identity Categorizations

Answer 48

This concept recognizes that individuals from minority groups may prefer to maintain their distinct group identity while also finding ways to relate to the majority group for better social integration

Question 49

Collectivists & ingroups

Answer 49

Collectivists show more ingroup bias, interconnectedness. Will draw sharper distinctions between ingroups and outgroups. Collectivists may not enhance their groups to boost their own self-esteem. They also have a narrower circle of people they trust

Question 50

Gender stereotypes

Answer 50

Though stereotypes strengthen the effect, different toys are preferred by different gendered children because of hormonal differences. Parents describe (identical) babies as smaller, softer, less capable if female.

Question 51

Social role theory

Answer 51

The theory that small gender differences are magnified in perception by the contrasting social roles occupied by men and women. **Coined by Alice Eagly**

Question 52

Steps of the social role theory

Answer 52

1. Biological/social factors create division of labor both at home and at work 2. People begin associating with the behaviors they are used to (men with heavy lifting jobs start acting tough, vise versa) 3. The cycle repeats, perpetuating itself (the media are not helping)

Question 53

How do stereotypes resist change

Answer 53

Thru confirmation biases and self-fulfilling prophecies - distortion of a story (a game of telephone where instead of whispering you're just subconsciously biased, so you remember the easier - stereotyped - details) Attribution - when describing behavior, people don't take context into account, so FAE comes into play. If a stereotype is confirmed, we make a personal attribution. If a stereotype is disproven, we make a situational attribution

Question 54

Illusory correlation

Answer 54

An overestimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated. (minority group commits crime - they become associated with crime)

Question 55

Yoshihisa Kashima's study on football players (page 191)

Question 56

Subliminal presentation

Answer 56

A method of presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people do not have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to them.

Question 57

Patricia Devine's study automatic vs controlled processes in stereotyping

Answer 57

Devine played subliminal presentations to white participants of words that were associated with black people. These people then reacted more hostilely to possible stereotypical behavior.

Question 58

Contact hypothesis

Answer 58

The theory that direct contact between hostile groups will reduce intergroup prejudice under certain conditions

Question 59

Four conditions of contact hypothesis

Answer 59

Equal status Personal interaction Cooperative activities Social norms

Question 60

Jigsaw classroom

Answer 60

Created by Elliot Aronson. A cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts.

Question 61

Common Ingroup Identity Model

Answer 61

Developed by Samuel Gaertner and John Dovidio. If members of different groups recategorize themselves as members of a more inclusive superordinate group, intergroup attitudes and relations can improve