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Social psychology > Ch. 3 The Social Self > Flashcards

Ch. 3 The Social Self Flashcards

1
Q

Three bases of the self (ABC)

A

Affect, Behavior, Cognition

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2
Q

Affect (emotion)

A

How people evaluate themselves, enhance their self-images, and defend against threats to their self-esteem

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3
Q

Behavior

A

How people regulate their own actions and present themselves to others according to interpersonal demands

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4
Q

Cognition

A

How people come to know themselves, develop a self-concept, and maintain a stable sense of identity

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5
Q

Tendency of human’s attention

A

Humans selectively only pay attention to what is relevant to them

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6
Q

Self-concept

A

Total sum of beliefs that people have about themselves.

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7
Q

Self-schemas

A

Beliefs about oneself that guide the processing of self-relevant information (e.g. I’m a computer geek, I’m athletic)

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8
Q

Schematic vs aschematic traits

A

Schematic trait - Trait relevant to who you are.
Aschematic trait - Trait not relevant to who you are

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9
Q

Nature of consciousness

A

Consciousness is capable of focusing on one object, but can shift to other subjects quickly

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10
Q

proof of self-recognition

A

the brain reacts to images of oneself, first person perspective, and information relevant to oneself

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11
Q

Age at which self recognition begins

A

1-2 years

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12
Q

Gallup’s self recognition experiment

A

Put red dots on animals’ and children’s foreheads, waited to see which ones removed it in a mirror. While some animals lack self-recognition, apes recognized themselves a bit later in life than humans.

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13
Q

Development of self-concept

A

Two steps: recognizing yourself as an entity, and seeing your own traits in others

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14
Q

Relevance of introspection in psychology

A

Psychologically speaking, introspection does not make us aware of ourselves. behavior correlates with feelings but feelings are not the cause of those behaviors

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15
Q

what do we think about our abilities

A

Humans overestimate their abilities

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16
Q

Affective forecasting

A

The process of predicting how one would feel in response to future emotional events.

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17
Q

Impact bias

A

People dramatize predictions of emotional reactions

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18
Q

Why do humans overdramatize their emotions

A

It helps us be resilient, and it braces us in order to keep from emotional overload in the moment of the event

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19
Q

Self-perception theory

A

Coined by Daryl Bem. The theory that when internal cues are difficult to interpret, people gain self-insight by observing their own behavior. (think: what is making me upset right now?)

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20
Q

Vicarious self-perception

A

We can learn about ourselves through perception of behavior of people similar to us

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21
Q

Accuracy of self-perception

A

even with introspection and self-perception, we are not able to judge our character as well as close friends

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22
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that changes in facial expression can lead to corresponding changes in emotion.

Related to self-perception theory. Some psychologists think facial expressions cause physiological changes in brain

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23
Q

Motivation

A

Motivation guides our behaviors AND sensitivity to certain stimuli.
e.g. when people experience rejection, we are more motivated to be accepted, and will be more sensitive to valid signals of acceptance (Duchenne smile)

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24
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

Motivation coming from internal factors (self-interest, joy)

External rewards lower intrinsic motivation

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25
**Extrinsic motivation**
Motivation coming from external factors (means to an end, reward) Helps us earn **verbal praise, recognition** from a valued source, differs based on how **goal/work-oriented** a person is
26
**Overjustification effect**
The tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with reward or other extrinsic factors.
27
**Social comparison theory**
The theory that people **evaluate their own abilities** and opinions by comparing themselves to others. (Related to the idea that people's self-opinions will differ based on their environment)
28
**Facebook depression**
Phenomenon in which we correlationally are upset while using social media
29
**Two-factor theory of emotion**
(Schachter-Singer theory) The theory that the experience of emotion is based on two factors: **physiological arousal** (see a snake > start to sweat) and a **cognitive interpretation** of that arousal. (i am sweating because i am scared of it)
30
People in unexpected/unprecedented situations
More likely to group with people more familiar to them / more similar to them
31
Most frequently recalled memories
Most recent memories. Old people recall **adolescence** better (it consisted of many new things, and new independence). We typically recall **fonder** memories more than bad ones.
32
**Flashbulb memories**
Detailed, high resolution recollections (useful evolutionarily for survival - life **flashing** before eyes
33
**Nostalgia**
A sentimental longing for the past
34
The Four I's (four eyes) of the culture cycle
**Individuals**: Thoughts, Feelings, Behavior **Interactions**: Family, Home, Workplace, School **Institutions**: Government, Media, Sports, Science, Education **Ideas**: What is Good, Right, Natural
35
Cultures in terms of independence
Western cultures encourage more independence, Eastern cultures encourage interdependence. Richer people are more independent (choose their own path) while poor people will rely on others to stay afloat.
36
**Dialecticism**
An Eastern system of thought that accepts the coexistence of contradictory characteristics within a single person. (being mad at someone you love)
37
Cultures on social correctness
Urban populations are more "socially correct" (aka woke) than suburban/rural populations
38
**Self-esteem**
An affective component of the self, consisting of a person’s positive and negative self-evaluations (peaks at 50 yrs)
39
Self-esteem as a state vs trait
State: temporary levels of self-worth Trait: long term evaluation of how we see ourselves
40
**Sociometer Theory** (picture a social spedometer)
Coined by Baumeister. The theory that self-esteem is a gauge that monitors our social interactions and sends us **signals** as to whether our behavior is acceptable to others.
41
**Terror Management Theory**
The theory that humans cope with the fear of their own death by constructing worldviews that help to preserve their self-esteem. (religion, history, impact)
42
Effects of self-esteem
Positive self-esteem makes us more likely to be happy and successful, mentally and physically healthy and vice versa. This may be more of a **correlation** than a causation.
43
Self-esteem between races
Black people have higher self-esteem than white people, and white people have higher self-esteem than other races.
44
**Self-guides**
List of personal standards. The further you are from meeting them, the lower your self-esteem is.
45
**Self-awareness theory**
The theory that self-focused attention leads people to notice self-discrepancies, thereby motivating either an escape from self-awareness or a change in behavior.
46
Self-awareness theory states...
people try reducing inward negativity/self-discrepancy, and if they fail, they resort to escaping self-awareness altogether (thru alcoholism, drug abuse, masochism, etc.)
47
Self-discrepancy theory
Differences in actual, ought, ideal self-esteem tell us how we feel about ourselves. **Actual**: traits you believe you DO possess **Ought**: Traits you think you SHOULD possess to function properly **Ideal**: traits you WANT to possess for hopes, wishes, dreams Difference between amounts of actual and ought self-esteem elicit feelings of **guilt/shame** Difference between amounts of actual vs ideal self-esteem: **disappointed, frustrated, sad** toward oneself
48
**Private self-consciousness**
A personality characteristic of individuals who are introspective, often attending to their own inner states.
49
**Public self-consciousness**
A personality characteristic of individuals who focus on themselves as social objects, as seen by others.
50
Faith and self-consciousness
Religion (idea that a god is watching you) raises self-awareness, giving people higher standards for good behavior
51
**Self-regulation**
The process by which people control their thoughts, feelings, or behavior **in order to achieve a personal or social goal.**
52
Muraven & Baumeister say...
There is a limit to the amount of self control we can exhibit. Our willpower can be exhausted. (However, unlike listed in the textbook, this reserve of willpower can NOT be refilled with glucose).
53
**Ironic process**
Trying to repress a thought only brings it out more prominently
54
Human egotism
- We will overestimate our abilities, luck, integrity (especially in Western culture) - We can accept our minor faults, but typically deny our greater faults
55
**Implicit egotism**
A nonconscious form of self-enhancement. (We like our birthday numbers)
56
**Self-Serving Beliefs**
- People blame personal errors on **external** factors. - We think the **future** will work in our favor - We think we are more in **control** than we actually are in our lives
57
**Self-handicapping**
Behaviors designed to sabotage one’s own performance in order to provide a subsequent excuse for failure. (Self-handicapping makes failure more likely)
58
Types of self-handicapping
Sandbagging: playing down your ability in order to not disappoint yourself/others Men self-handicapping: drug abuse, alcoholism (external handicaps) Women self-handicapping: Headache, stress (internal handicaps)
59
**Basking in reflected glory (BIRG)**
To increase self-esteem by associating with others who are successful.
60
**Downward social comparison**
The defensive tendency to compare ourselves with others who are worse off than we are.
61
**Temporal social comparison**
Comparisons to others include one's past or future self
62
**Social affiliation**
We connect to people in **similar** predicaments because it makes us **feel joined together**
63
Realism
Perception of reality is typically a sign of worse mental health
64
Optimism
Too much positive illusionism can become destructive thru behavior. It can also make you less pleasant to be around
65
**Spotlight effect**
People think that others focus more on them than is actually the case
66
**Self-presentation**
Strategies people use to shape what others think of us.
67
**Strategic self-presentation**
Effort made to shape others' impressions more positively
68
**Ingratiation**
Engaging in acts motivated by the desire to get along with others
69
**Self-promotion**
Acts with the intention of getting ahead, being respected
70
**Self-verification**
Desire for others to perceive us like we perceive ourselves (sought by people of both low and high self-esteem)
71
**Self-monitoring**
The tendency to change behavior in response to the self-presentation concerns of the situation. (high-self monitors are high-achieving)

Social psychology (10 decks)

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