Ch. 5 - States of Consciousness Flashcards
how long are each of the four sleep stages
90 minutes each
stage 1 sleep waves
relatively rapid, low amplitude brain waves
stage 1 sleep : what happens
transition between wakefulness and sleep, lasts only a few minutes. images sometimes appear
stage 2 sleep waves
slower, more regular wave pattern. momentary interruptions of sharply pointed, spiky waves what are called sleep spindles
stage 2 sleep characteristic
it becomes increasingly difficult to awaken a person from sleep as stage 2 progresses
stage 3 sleep waves
brain waves become slower, with higher peaks and lower valleys in the wave pattern
what happens in stage 3 sleep
people are least responsive to outside stimulation
when does stage 3 sleep occur
most likely to occur during the early part of the night (first half is dominated by stage 3 sleep)
when do stages 1 and 2 occur the mosty
second half of sleep
when do dreams occur
REM sleep (second half)
what happens during REM sleep
quick, back and forth eye movements
what % of adults sleeping time is REM
20%
what increases during REM
heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing
do ppl dream every night
yes -even if you don’t remember it
rebound effect
REM-deprived sleepers spend significantly ,ore time in REM sleep than they normally would when they can sleep undisturbed
reverse learning
during REM, our brain eliminates unneccesary info
women and sleep
fall asleep faster, sleep for longer periods, sleep deeper, get up fewer times
how many times does the average person dream in their life
150,000
unconscious wish fulfillment theory
dreams represent unconscious wishes that reamer desire to see fulfilled
manifest content
the story line of a dream
latent content
the actual, underlying wishes that the dream represents
dreams for survival theory
based in the evolutionary perspective. says that dream permit us to reconsider and reprocess information that is critical for our daily survival
activation-synthesis theory
focuses on the random electrical energy that the brain produces during REM sleep, possibly as a result of changes in the production of particular neurotransmitters
activation information modulation (AIM)
dreams are initiated in the brain’s pons, which sends random signals to the cortex
what does AIM suggest about what our dreams mean?
they are clues to the dreamer’s fears, emotions, and concerns
sleep apnea
person has difficulty breathing while sleeping
result of sleep apnea
disturbed, fitful sleep and a significant loss of REM sleep. lots of reawakening
night terrors
sudden awakenings from non REM sleep that are accompanied by extreme fear, panic, and strong physiological arousal
when do night terrors happen
stage 3
narcolepsy
uncontrollable sleeping that occurs for short periods while a person is awake. straight to REM sleep
when do sleep talking and walking happen
stage 3
circadian rhythms
biological processes that occur regularly on a 24 hour cycle
what controls our circadian rhythyms
the brains suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
seasonal affective disorder
severe depression in which feelings of despair and hopelessness increase during the winter and lift during the rest of the year
hypnosis
trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others
steps of hypnosis
- made comfy in quiet environment
- hypnotist explains what is going to happen
- concentrate on something (finger)
- your arms are getting heavy
dissociation
division of consciousness into two simultaneous components
five things hypnosis has been used for
- controlling pain
- reducing smoking
- treating psych disorders
- assisting in law enforcement
- improving athletic performance
meditation
refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness
psychoactive drugs
lead to an altered state of consciousness, influence a persons emotions, perceptions, and behavior
amphetamines
stimulate the CNS, energy and alertness, talkativeness, confidence
