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PSYCH 100 > Ch. 4 - Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Ch. 4 - Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

the activation of the sense organs

-physical response

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2
Q

perception

A

how stimuli are interpreted

-psychological response

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3
Q

stimulus

A

any passing source of physical energy that produces a response in a sense organ

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4
Q

psychophysics

A

study of the relationship b/w the actual physical aspects of a stimulus and our psychological experience of that stimulus

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5
Q

absolute threshold

A

lowest intensity of a stimulus that an organism can detect

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6
Q

difference threshold

A

smallest level of added or reduced stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred

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7
Q

weber’s law

A

a just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the intensity of an initial stimulus

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8
Q

adaptation

A

an adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli

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9
Q

light

A

the physical energy that stimulates the eye

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10
Q

how is light measured?

A

wavelengths

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11
Q

visual spectrum

A

range of wavelengths visible to the human eye

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12
Q

cornea

A

refracts/bends light to see it sharply

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13
Q

pupil

A

expands in size as it gets darker

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14
Q

retina

A

converts electromagnetic energy of light to electrical impulses for transmission to the brain

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15
Q

rods

A

highly sensitive to light

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16
Q

cones

A

responsible for sharp focus and color perception

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17
Q

rods play a key role in?

A

peripheral vision

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18
Q

peripheral vision

A

seeing objects outside the main center of focus

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19
Q

optic nerve

A

bundle of ganglion axons

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20
Q

feature detectors

A

specialized neurons that are activated only by visual stimuli having certain features, such as a shape or pattern

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21
Q

trichromatic theory of color vision

A

there are three kinds of cones in the retina, each of which responding to a specific range of wavelengths

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22
Q

opponent-process theory of color vision

A

receptor cells are linked in pairs, working in opposition to each other

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23
Q

sound localization

A

process by which we identify the direction from which a sound is coming

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24
Q

sound

A

movement of air molecules brought about by a source of vibration

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25
Q

eardrum

A

vibrates when sound waves hit it

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26
Q

cochlea

A

vibrates in response to sound

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27
Q

basilar membrane

A

covered with hair cells, when these cells bend from vibrations they send a message to the braina

28
Q

frequency

A

number of wave cycles that occur in a second

29
Q

pitch

A

makes sound seem high or low

30
Q

amplitude

A

allows us to distinguish b/w loud and soft sounds

31
Q

decibels

A

range of sound in terms of volume

32
Q

place theory of hearing

A

diff areas of the basilar membrane are specialized to respond to diff sound frequencies

33
Q

frequency theory of hearing

A

the entire basilar membrane acts as a microphone, vibrating as a whole in response to. a sound

34
Q

echolocation

A

use of sound waves to determine where objects are

35
Q

vestibular system

A

balance - responds to the pull of gravity and allows us to maintain our balance

36
Q

semicircular canals

A

main structure of the vestibular system, consist of 3 tubes

37
Q

otoliths

A

forward, backward, up or down

38
Q

olfaction

A

human sense of smell

39
Q

olfactory cells

A

receptor neurons of the nose

40
Q

pheromones

A

chemicals that secrete into the environment that produce a social response from other members of the same species (sex, danger)

41
Q

gustation

A

sense of taste

42
Q

four basic stimulus qualities of taste

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter

43
Q

where are the receptor cells for taste?

A

the 10k taste buds on our tongue

44
Q

RSDS

A

constant, intense pain that is out of proportion to any injury

45
Q

what are the four skin senses

A

touch, pressure, temperature, pain

46
Q

substance P

A

chemical released when a cell is damaged

47
Q

gate control theory of pain

A

particular nerve receptors in the spinal cord lead to specific areas of the brain related to pain

48
Q

synesthesia

A

the stimulation of one sensory system involuntarily leads to an additional sensory response

49
Q

multimodal perception

A

the brain collects info from the individual sensory systems and integrates and coordinates it

50
Q

gestalt laws of organization

A

closure, proximity, similarity, simplicity

51
Q

closure

A

grouping elements to form enclosed or complete figures rather than open ones

52
Q

proximity

A

elements that are closer together are viewed as grouped together

53
Q

simplicity

A

we perceive patters in the most basic manner that we can

54
Q

top down processing

A

perception is guided by higher level knowledge, experience, and motivations

55
Q

bottom up processing

A

progression of recognizing and processing info from individual components of stimuli and moving to the perception of the whole

56
Q

monocular cues

A

permit us to obtain a sense of depth and distance with just one eye

57
Q

perceptual constancy

A

recognition that physical objects are consistent and do not vary even tho our sensory input of them changes

58
Q

apparent movement

A

perception that a stationary object is moving

59
Q

visual illusions

A

physical stimuli that consistently produce errors in perception

60
Q

muller lyer illusion

A

assumptions thru visual stimuli that deceive us

61
Q

subliminal perception

A

perception of messages about which we have no awareness

62
Q

extrasensory perception

A

perception that does not involve our senses

63
Q

where are the cones located?

A

fovea

64
Q

top down perception is related to

A

higher level knowledge

65
Q

binocular disparity

A

difference in images seen by the left eye and the right eye

66
Q

lateral inhibitions

A

surrounding regions of white in a high contrast visual scene that serve to suppress the overall output of cells that correspond to specific regions in the visual field

PSYCH 100 (5 decks)

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