Ch 5 Nav techniques and procedures Flashcards
Unless authorized by ATC no person may operate within controlled airspace under IFR except
- Federal Airways, centerline
- along direct course between Navigation aids or fixes defining a route
Using Ground based Naviads requires
- Tune/ identify (morse code)
- A/C capable of translating morse code (alphanumeric is visible)
How are VOR Identified?
-VOR repeated three-letter morse code
Tune and Identify
-pilot will tune/ select desired frequency or channel, then positively ID it
Monitor Signal
-pilot will monitor station identification to ensure a reliable signal being transmitted
If an approach requires NDB what must the pilot do?
pilot will monitor identifier for the entire approach
Homing to a station
when a pilot places the head of the bearing pointer under the upper lubber line and corrects back to this (no wind correction)
Proceeding direct to station
turn in shorter direction to place head of bearing pointer at the top, then center the DCI (pull out knob) with a TO indication and apply wind drift correction
Intercept heading Inbound course
-look in the shorter direction to head of the bearing pointer, continue past by 30 degrees or degrees off course
Intercept heading outbound course
-from tail of bearing pointer move in shorter direction to desired course, continue past 45 degrees or degrees off whichever is less
For both inbound/ outbound what if desired course is within 90 degrees
it’s considered no-wind intercept heading
What degree intercept should you never exceed
90 degrees
Maintaining an ARC
-keep head of the bearing pointer on the 90 degree indexer (Place above indexer to decrease DME and below to increase DME)
To legally perform a radial/DME Fix you must have
- primary navigation equipment is area nav (RNAV) capable
- radar monitoring by ATC
- locally defined arrival/departure procedures
- operational necessity dictates or conforms to military enroute ops
- operating in the NAS and given clearance
Performing a fix-to-fix
- visualize center as VOR/DME and A/C on tail with fix somewhere on head of bearing pointer (the greater distance will be on the edge of the compass card)
- turn in shortest direction, split course and head bearing pointer
If the fix is less/same/greater DME how do you visualize fix
-If the DME is less the fix will be closer to the head of the bearing pointer, if greater the fix will be closer to the desired course
What makes a plane RNAV capable
-A/C can display given point (FMS, INS, LORAN or integrated GPS nav)
Required Navigation Performance Type (RNP Type)
stating navigation performance of the aircraft for at least 95 percent of total flight time, value is a must remain within distance (RNP-5 airspace A/C remains within 5 miles 95% of time)
Enroute RNAV
A/C must navigate intended RNP type route or within RNP type airspace, may require backup equipment (VOR/DME, TACAN)
Terminal RNAV
consists of both approach and departure procedures, RNAV must be used as sole source of nav information for instrument approaches (RNAC approaches must be retrieved from A/C database not manually loaded)
Two types of GPS
- International Frequency Registration Board (IFRB) made by USA
- Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) being made by the Ruskies (Russia)
How accurate is Standard Positioning Service (SPS)
horizontal/vertical signal accuracy of 13 meters and 22 meters with 95% accuracy
How accurate is Precise Positioning Service (PPS)
received only by military GPS receivers with valid crypto key is accurate within 9 meters
Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitor (RAIM)
required for GPS use in IFR navigation and requires at least 5 satellites to check integrity
What does barometric aiding allows how many satellites to validate?
4
When is predictive RAIM required?
when a mission requires GPS
When is predictive RAIM required?
when a mission requires GPS
How do you check GPS NOTAMS
Enter KGPS as the airfield
Fault Detection and exclusion (FDE)
Allows GPS equipment to detect and exclude faulty satellites, FDE requires a min of 6 satellites or 5 with Baro-aiding
Without FDE how significant can errors be
in excess of 100 NM
FDE is required when
GPS is primary source of nav in remote/oceanic areas
Who updates navigation databases
National Geospatial-intelligence Agency (NGA) or commercial Vendor on a 28 day cycle
Database requirements to use GPS for terminal area
all procedures (DP, Standard Terminal Arrival [STAR], IAP) must be retrieved entirely from current, approved database
Can user manually alter terminal procedures from database
No
What must be available to cross-check Database
paper or EFB copy of applicable instrument approaches (IAP, SID, STAR)
Can you continue a flight if database has expired?
Yes, if flight can be verified with current FLIP but cannot use to fly procedure requiring terminal or better accuracy (terminal or approach)
How Can you define airways?
be retrieving from a database or by manually entering waypoints along the airway (only compulsory waypoints are required)
How are RNAV airways be retrieved?
From a database in their entirety using airway identifier but if manually entered all waypoints must be entered with flower altitudes
Are step down fixes always shown in database
No, pilots are responsible for step down fixes
What is max allowable difference in distance between RNAV and GPS approaches
0.1 NMm if more the approach shouldn’t be flown
Variation between charted final approach course in IAP and final approach course computed by A/C should be less than?
5 degrees, if more procedure isn’t authorized
ILS transmitter code for Tune/ID
repeated 4 letter morse code group, in the US 1st letter is “I” to denote ILS
How’s a TACAN Identified?
TACAN station transmits an aural three-letter Morse code identifier approximately every 35 seconds.
How’s an ILS Localizer identified?
The ILS localizer transmitter puts out a repeated four-letter Morse code group. In the US, the first letter of the identifier is always “I” to denote the facility as an ILS.
GPS Terminal sensitivity?
1.0 NM and you can consider yourself in terminal area 25 NM from facility
GPS allowable differences in NM and degrees off waypoint/course?
0.1 NM and 5 degrees or less
