Ch. 5: Motivation, Emotion, Stress

Question 1

What is instinct theory?

Answer 1

Certain behaviors are based on evolutionarily programed instincts

Question 2

What is arousal theory?

Answer 2

People perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal

Question 3

What is the Yerkes-Dodson law?

Answer 3

U-shaped curve between the level of arousal and performance.
The law states that performance is worst at extremely high and low levels of arousal.

Question 4

What are primary drives?

Answer 4

Need for food, water and warmth, bodily processes

Question 5

What are secondary drives?

Answer 5

May include certain emotions, and it’s not directly related to biological processes

Question 6

What is drive reduction theory?

Answer 6

Motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states

Question 7

What is the order of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 7

1. self actualization
2. esteem
3. love/belonging
4. safety
5. physiological

Question 8

What are the four primary factors that influence motivation?

Answer 8

1. instincts
2. arousal
3. drives
4. needs

Question 9

What is expectancy-value theory?

Answer 9

amount of motivation needed for a goal is the result of both the individual’s expectation of sucess in reaching the goal and degree of value of succeeding at the goal

Question 10

What is opponent process theory?

Answer 10

When a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology (tolerance)

Question 11

What are the three elements of emotion?

Answer 11

1. physiological response (arousal stimulated by the autonomic nervous system, body changes)
2. behavioral response (facial expressions and body language)
3. cognitive response (subjective interpretation of the feeling being experienced)

Question 12

What are the universal emotions?

Answer 12

1. happiness
2. sadness
3. contempt/joy
4. surprise
5. fear
6. disgust
7. anger

emotions and expressions that are in all societies and cultures

Question 13

What is the James-Lange theory?

Answer 13

stimulus first results in physiological arousal
brain labels the emotion based on the body’s reaction

Question 14

What is the Cannon-Bard theory?

Answer 14

physiological arousal and feeling an emotion occur at the same time

Question 15

What is the Schachter-Singer theory?

cognitive arousal or two-factor theory

Answer 15

two factors are needed to experience an emotion (physiological arousal and cognitive label)
there is then conscious emotion

Question 16

What is the amygdala?

Answer 16

processes the environment, detects eternal cues and learns from surroundings to produce emotion
palys a role in fear and understanding facial expressions

Question 17

What is the thalamus?

Answer 17

routes information to the cortex and the rest of the brain

Question 18

What is the hypothalamus?

Answer 18

below the thalamus
homeostatic function and modualting emotion by controlling enurotransmitter release

Question 19

What is the hippocampus?

Answer 19

in the temporal lobe
creating long term explicit memory

Question 20

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 20

planning, expressing personality and making decisions

Question 21

What is the role of the ventral prefrontal cortex

Answer 21

experiencing emotion

Question 22

What is the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Answer 22

controlling emotional respones from the amygdala and decision making

Question 23

What is primary appraisal?

Answer 23

intital evaluation of the environment and the associated threat (initial examination and identification of stress)

Question 24

What is secondary appraisal?

Answer 24

if primary deems stressful…
evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress

Question 25

Explain the general adaptation syndrome.

Answer 25

1. alarm: intital reaction to stressor and acitvation of sympathetic nervous system— hypothalamus stimultes the pituitary galdn to produce ACTH which tells adrenal gland to produce cortisol to maintain blood sugar for the stress event — norepinephrine and epinephrine are also secreted to activate SNS
2. resistance: continous release of hormoes allows sympathetic NS to fight the stressor
3. exhaustion: body can no longer maintain an elevated resposne with sympathetic nervous system activity