Ch. 5: Motivation, Emotion, Stress Flashcards
What is instinct theory?
Certain behaviors are based on evolutionarily programed instincts
What is arousal theory?
People perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal
What is the Yerkes-Dodson law?
U-shaped curve between the level of arousal and performance.
The law states that performance is worst at extremely high and low levels of arousal.
What are primary drives?
Need for food, water and warmth, bodily processes
What are secondary drives?
May include certain emotions, and it’s not directly related to biological processes
What is drive reduction theory?
Motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states
What is the order of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
- self actualization
- esteem
- love/belonging
- safety
- physiological
What are the four primary factors that influence motivation?
- instincts
- arousal
- drives
- needs
What is expectancy-value theory?
amount of motivation needed for a goal is the result of both the individual’s expectation of sucess in reaching the goal and degree of value of succeeding at the goal
What is opponent process theory?
When a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology (tolerance)
What are the three elements of emotion?
- physiological response (arousal stimulated by the autonomic nervous system, body changes)
- behavioral response (facial expressions and body language)
- cognitive response (subjective interpretation of the feeling being experienced)
What are the universal emotions?
- happiness
- sadness
- contempt/joy
- surprise
- fear
- disgust
- anger
emotions and expressions that are in all societies and cultures
What is the James-Lange theory?
stimulus first results in physiological arousal
brain labels the emotion based on the body’s reaction
What is the Cannon-Bard theory?
physiological arousal and feeling an emotion occur at the same time
What is the Schachter-Singer theory?
cognitive arousal or two-factor theory
two factors are needed to experience an emotion (physiological arousal and cognitive label)
there is then conscious emotion
What is the amygdala?
processes the environment, detects eternal cues and learns from surroundings to produce emotion
palys a role in fear and understanding facial expressions
What is the thalamus?
routes information to the cortex and the rest of the brain
What is the hypothalamus?
below the thalamus
homeostatic function and modualting emotion by controlling enurotransmitter release
What is the hippocampus?
in the temporal lobe
creating long term explicit memory
What is the role of the prefrontal cortex?
planning, expressing personality and making decisions
What is the role of the ventral prefrontal cortex
experiencing emotion
What is the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex
controlling emotional respones from the amygdala and decision making
What is primary appraisal?
intital evaluation of the environment and the associated threat (initial examination and identification of stress)
What is secondary appraisal?
if primary deems stressful…
evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress
