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Behavioral Sciences > Ch. 1: Biology and Behavior > Flashcards

Ch. 1: Biology and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A
  1. sensory neurons (afferent) transmit information from receptors to spinal cord and brain
  2. motor neurons (efferent) transmit motor information to muscles and glands from brain and spinal cord
  3. interneurons are found between other neurons
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2
Q

Compare the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

A

The somatic nervous system is voluntary and consists of the skin, joints, and muscles.
The autonomic nergous system is involuntary and manages automatic functions.

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3
Q

Compare the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system.

A

The parasympathetic nervous system wants to rest and conserve energy. It will slow hear, constrict pupils, constricts bronchi etc.
The sympatetic nervous system is actived by stress and will increase hear rate, blood to muscles, blood glucose, decreases digestion, dilates eyes, relaxes bronchi, and releases epinephrine.

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4
Q

What is the meninges?

A

the meninges is layers of connective tissue that protect and anchor the brain
1. dura mater - connects to the skull
2. arachnoid matter
3. pia matter - connects to the brain

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5
Q

What does the hindbrain contain and control?

A
  • cerebellum
  • medulla oblongata
  • reticular formation

controls vital life functions like balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestions, arousal

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6
Q

What does the midbrain contain and control?

A
  • inferior colliculi (information from auditory system)
  • superior colliculi (information from visual sensory system)

recieves sensory and motor information from the body and associates with involuntary reflex from visual or auditory stimuli

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7
Q

What does the forebrain contain and control?

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • basal ganlia
  • lymbic system
  • cerebral cortex

complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes, emotion, behavior

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8
Q

How to map the brain?

A
  • brain lesions
  • cortical maps which map the brain with electrodes and electrical stimulation
  • EEG uses electrodes to record the brain’s electrical activity
  • rCBF tracks neural activity by following blood flow by inhaling radioactive gas
  • CT: uses many x-rays to produce cross sectional images
  • PET scan: monitores the dispersion and uptake of an injected radioactive sugar
  • MRI: uses a magnetic field to map out hydrogen dense regions
  • fMRI: measures the changes in blood flow
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9
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

sorts incoming sensory impulses and transmits them to appropriate areas of cerebral cortex

except for sensory information

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10
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

maintains homeostatsis and integrates with the endocrine system
- lateral hypothalamus: detects when the body needs to eat
- ventromedial hypothalamus: signals to stop eating
- anterior hypothalamus: sexual behavior

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11
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

coordinates muscle movement as they recieve infromation from the cortex

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12
Q

What is the lymbic system?

A

emotion and memory

in the middle of the brain

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13
Q

Lymbic system

What is the septal nuclei?

A

one of the main pleasure centers in the brain

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14
Q

Limbic system

What is the amygdala?

A

defensive and aggressive behaviors, fear and rage

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15
Q

Lymbic system

What is the hippocampus?

A

learning and memory processing

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16
Q

Lymbic syste

What is the anteroir cingulate cortex?

A

impulse control and decision-making

connnects to frontal and parietal lobes

17
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A
  • prefrontal cortex: executive function, impulse control, long term planning
  • motor cortex (motor homunculus) for motor function and speech control
18
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain, spatial processing, orientation, and manipulation

19
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

visual processing

20
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

sound processing, speech, memory, emotion

21
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

posture, balance, coordinated movement

in the hindbrain

22
Q

What are the two sides of the brain responsible for?

A

Dominant hemisphere (left) analytic function, language, logic math
Nondominant hemisphere (right) intuition, creativity, music cognition, spatial processing

23
Q

What is acetylcholine?

A

in the peripheral nervous system it will transmit nerve impulses to the muscles
in the central nervous system it will control attention and aorusal

24
Q

What is epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

they control alertness and wakefulness
adrenaline and noradrenaline

25
Q

What is dopamine?

A

dopamine plays a role in movement and posture

often it is found in the basal ganglia to help smooth movements

26
Q

What is GABA?

A

NT that stabalizes neural activity by inibitin postsynaptic potentials

26
Q

What is serotonin?

A

regulates mood, eating, sleeping

27
Q

What is glycine?

A

inhibitory NT in the CNS to stabalize brain activity

28
Q

What is glutamate?

A

excitatory neruotransmitter

29
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

base of the brain and it releases hormones to regulate endocrine glands in the body

30
Q

Where are the adrenal glands?

A

on top of the kidneys and release epinephrine and norepinephrine as well as cortisol (stress)

31
Q

What is neurulation?

A

development of nervous system in prenatal
a neural groove begins to form surrounded by two neural folds
cells at the leading edge and the neural crest and will migrate through the body to form tisues
a neural tube forms which later becomes the CNS

32
Q

Explain the primitive reflexes.

A
  1. rooting which is the automatic turning of the head when touching the cheek
  2. moro reflex is infants reacting to abrupt movements of head by flinign out arms then slowly retractin in and crying
  3. babinski reflex is the toes separating when the foot is touched
  4. grasping reflex when inflant closes fingers when an object is placed in its hand

Behavioral Sciences (6 decks)

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