Ch 5-Large Biological Molecules

Question 1

The Role of Carbohydrates

Answer 1

• To supply energy to all cells in the body
• sugars and polymers of sugars

Question 2

Carbohydrate Classifications

Answer 2

Carbohydrates are dividded into four types: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, and Polysaccharides.

Monosaccharides consist of a simple sugar; that is, they have the chemiical formula C₆ H₁₂ O₆.

Disaccharides are two simple sugars.

Oligosaccharides are three to six monosaccharide units.

Polysaccharides are more than six.

Question 3

Monosaccharides

Answer 3

• Glucose
• Fructose

Question 4

Disaccharides

Answer 4

• Sucrose

Question 5

Polysaccharides

Answer 5

• Starch
• Glycogen

Question 6

Lipids

Answer 6

• Fats
  
  • Composed of Glycerol, Fatty Acids
• Phospholipids
  
  • two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol
  • Hydrophilic head mixes with water
  • Hydrophobic tail does not mix with water
• Steroids
  
  • Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
  • Cholesterol

Question 7

Role of Fats

Answer 7

• Functions
  
  • Energy Storge
  • Insulation
  • Cushions

Question 8

Saturated Fatty Acids

Answer 8

• Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible
• no double bonds
• Solidify in room temperature

Question 9

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Answer 9

• Have one or more double bonds
• Liquid at room temperature
• Ex: Oil

Question 10

Role of Phospholipids

Answer 10

• Major component of cell membranes
  
  • form a bilayer

Question 11

Structure and Functions of Steroids

Answer 11

• Component of animal cell membrane
• Precursor for other steroids
• High level in blood contribute to cardiovascular disease

Question 12

Amino Acids and Proteins

Answer 12

• Constructed from the same set of 20 amino acids
• amino acids are linked by peptide bonds

Question 13

Four levels of Protein Organization

Answer 13

• Primary Structure
  
  • The linear arrangement of AA in a polypeptide
• Secondary Structure
  
  • Results from coiling and folding of polypeptide
  • Has hydrogen bonds
    
    • Alpha helix
    • Beta pleated sheet
• Tertiary Structure
  
  • Results from interactions between the R groups of the various amino acids
  • Protein folding
  • Has Hydrogen bonds, Covalent bonds, Ionic bonds, Disulfide bridge, Hydrophobic interactions
• Quaternary Structure
  
  • When two or morre polypeptide chains associate to form onne macromolecule
    *

Question 14

Protein shape and how functions are linked

Answer 14

Protein shape and function are intricately linked; any change in shape caused in temperature or pH may lead to protein denaturation and a loss in function.

Question 15

Nucleic Acids

Answer 15

• Store, Transmit, and help express hereditary information
• Monomer - Nuleotide
• Polymer - Ppolynucleotide
• Types
  
  • DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
  • RNA - Ribonuceic acid

Question 16

DNA’s Structure and Role

Answer 16

• Two polynucleotide strands twisted around each other in double helix
  
  • Two strands held by hydrogen bonds
  • Antiparallel
• Complementary base paring
  
  • A pairs with T
  • C pairs with G
• Store and transmit genetic information

Question 17

RNA’s Structure and Role

Answer 17

• Single strand
• Complementary pairing
  
  • A pairs with U
  • C pairs with G
• Protein synthesis
• Store genetic information - Viruses