Ch 1-Themes Of Biology & Scientific Inquiry Flashcards
Properties of life
- Order (exhibit complex organization)
- Regulation (maintain internal environment)(temp by metabolism)
- Evolutionary Adaptation (happens slowly over time)(best suit organism to its environment)
- Growth & Development (controlled by DNA)
- Energy processing (get energy and transform it to a useful form)
- Response to the environment (respond to environmental stimuli)
- Reproduction (have babies)
Unifying themes of life
(Organization)
Living things
- They possess life
- They can give birth
- Depend on food, air, water
- Are sensitive & respond to stimuli
- Growth & Development
- Ex: humans, animals, plants, insects
Non-living things
- No life
- No babies
- Do not depend on water, food, air
- Not sensitive & no response to stimuli
- No growth & Development
- Ex: rock, pen, buildings.
Unifying themes of life
(Information)
The expression & transmission of genetic information which is stored in the form of DNA in the chromosome transferred from parent to child.
Unifying themes of life
(Energy & Matter)
The Transfer & Transformation of energy & matter
Energy tansformed from one source to another
Producer-generate chemical energy
Consumers-feed on other organisms
Unifying themes of life
(Interactions)
From molecules to ecosytem, important in biological systems
ex: each organism interacts with other organisms and the environment.
Unifying themes of life
(Evolution)
accounts of the unity and diversity of life
living organisms are modified desecendants of common ancestors
Levels of biological organization
(The Biosphere)
- Consists of all the environments on earth that support life
- everything is included in the biosphere
Levels of biological organization
(Ecosystems)
- Consists of all living things along with non-living environmental components
- Includes all living things and non living things
- ex: north american mountain meadow
Levels of biological organization
(Communities)
- all the living organisms in a particular ecosystem
- Only living organisms
- Ex: All organisms in meadow ecosystem
Levels of biological organization
(Populations)
- Consists of all the individuals of a species living within the specific area
- Specific species & Spacific area
- Ex: group of flowers
levels of biological organization
(Organisms)
- An individual living things
- Ex: each plant or animal
Levels of biological organization
(Organs)
- Provide specific functions for the organism
- Leaf, stem, root
- organs combine they make an organism
Levels of biological organization
(Tissues)
- Made of groups of similar cells
- Tissues combine to make organs
- Ex: mesophyll, epidermis
Levels of biological organization
(Cells)
- Basic unit of life
- plant cells
- Life starts from cell
Levels of biological organization
(Organelles)
- Membrane-bound structures with specific functions
- Nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria etc.
- different organelles combine to make cells
Levels of biological organization
(Molecules)
- Clusters of atoms
- Chlorophyll, Proteins, DNA etc.
- Lowest level, made up of a cluster of different atoms
Emergent Properties
- Result from the arrangement & interaction of parts within a system
- New arising propertity, at each level a new property emerges
- Ex: Cities, the brain, ant colonies, complex chemical systems
Prokaryotes
- small, simple, not true nucleus
- Bacteria, archaea
Eukaryotic
- Membrane enclosed organelles
- Plants, animals
DNA Structure
- Chains arranged in a double helix structure
- consist of four nucleotides
- Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
- Difference in DNA structure = diversity of life
Flow of energy & Chemical Cycling
Interaction between living and nonliving thing in the ecosystem
Explain
Unity & Diversity
- Unity
- Two species share certain common traits
- Diversity
- Certain heritable changes between two species after diverging from common ancestor
Living organism classification
- total number of species that actually exist
- species have been identified & named to date
- each species given two-part name
Natural selection
Explain
Scientific Method
- Observation
- Question
- Hypothesis
- testable & falsible
- Test-experiment or field study
- collect data
- statistical test
- Results
- Discussion/Conclusion
Types of Data
- Qualitative data
- info with color
- Quantitative data
- measured height & weight using statistics
Inductive reasoning
- Generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations
- make conclusion based on observation
- Ex: the sun always rises in the east
Deductive Reasoning
- Specific results are predicted from a general premise (principles)
- Uses “If…Then” logic
- based on a general principal you make a conclusion
- Ex: If all organisms are made of cells (principle 1), & humans are organisms (principle 2), then humans are composed of cells
Hypotheses vs Theory
- Hypothesis
- is an educated guess: a proposed explanation for observations
- must be teestable & falsiblale
- Theory
- Much broader than a hypothesis
- Supported by a large & usually growing body of evidence
Variable vs Control
- An experimental group is compared with a control group
- The controlled group is the standard group
- The controlled group is subjected to all the steps of the experiment except the one being tested.
- The experimental groups may be composed of varying levels
Dependent Variable
- Predicted to be affected in response
- can not be changed out of the reasurchers control
Independent variable
- Manipulated by researchers
- Reasearchers can change
Hypothesis
- a tentative answer to a well-framed question
- leads to predictions that can be tested by observation or experimentation
