Ch 5. Groups and Organizations

Question 1

Social Group

Answer 1

Two or more people who identify and interact with one another

Question 2

Non-groups

Answer 2

No interaction and no identification with one another (people on the bus)

Question 3

Category

Answer 3

Those with a status in common, such as ethnicity or occupation

Question 4

Crowd

Answer 4

Non-interacting group.
(Ex. Audience)

Question 5

Primary Group

Answer 5

A small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships:

Question 6

Secondary Group

Answer 6

A large impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity.

Question 7

Two Leadership Styles

Answer 7

1. Instrumental Leadership: focuses on completing tasks
2. Expressive Leadership: focuses on the group’s well being

Question 8

Three leadership styles

Answer 8

Authoritarian Leadership: takes personal charge, members obey
Democratic Leadership: draws ideas of all members
Laissez-Faire Leadership: allows group to function on their own

Question 9

Asch’s research

Answer 9

Willingness to compromise our own judgments to avoid being different (A,B,C lines)

Question 10

Milligram’s research

Answer 10

People follow orders from authority, even to the point of hurting others
(65% gave maximum amount of volts when under pressure)

Question 11

Group Think

Answer 11

Tendency of group members to conform resulting in a narrow view of the issue

Question 12

Reference Group

Answer 12

A social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions

Question 13

In-Group

Answer 13

A social group toward which members feel respect and loyalty

Question 14

Out-group

Answer 14

A social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition.

Question 15

George Simmel

Answer 15

Relationships are exchanges

Question 16

Network

Answer 16

A web of weak social ties

Question 17

Formal Organizations

Answer 17

A large secondary group organized to achieve its goals efficiently

Question 18

Three types of formal organizations

Answer 18

1. Utilitarian (pays people for efforts)
2. Normative (voluntary associations pursuing a goal)
3. Coercive (involuntary, total institutions)

Question 19

Tradition

Answer 19

Behaviour, values, and beliefs passed from generation to generation

Question 20

Rationality

Answer 20

A way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient way to do a task

Question 21

Rationalization of society

Answer 21

The historical change from tradition to rationality as the main type of human thought

Question 22

Bureaucracy

Answer 22

An organization model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently

Question 23

Six elements of a bureaucratic organization

Answer 23

1. Specialization of duties
2. Hierarchy of positions
3. Rules and regulations
4. Technical competence
5. Impersonality
6. Formal, written communications

Question 24

Oligarchy

Answer 24

The rule of the many by the few

Question 25

Scientific Management

Answer 25

The application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or other large organization

Question 26

Mcdonaldization four principles

Answer 26

1. Efficiency
2. Predictability
3. Uniformity
4. Control