ch 5

Question 1

sampling

Answer 1

the process of selecting individuals to participate in a research study

Question 2

probability sampling

Answer 2

the entire population is known, each individual in the population has a specifiable probability of selection, and sampling occurs by a random process based on the probabilities.

Question 3

random process

Answer 3

procedure that produces one outcome from a set of possible outcomes. The outcome must be unpredictable each time, and the process must guarantee that each of the possible outcomes is equally likely to occur.

Question 4

nonprobability sampling

Answer 4

he population is not completely known, individual probabilities cannot be known, and the sampling method is based on factors such as commonsense or ease, with an effort to maintain representativeness and avoid bias.

Question 5

population

Answer 5

entire set of individuals of interest to a researcher. Although the entire population usually does not participate in a research study, the results from the study are generalized to the entire population.

Question 6

sample

Answer 6

set of individuals selected from a population and usually is intended to represent the population in a research study.

Question 7

accessible population

Answer 7

A portion of the target population consisting of individuals who are accessible to be recruited as participants in the study

Question 8

representativeness

Answer 8

refers to the extent to which the characteristics of the sample accurately reflect the characteristics of the population.

Question 9

representative sample

Answer 9

is a sample with the same characteristics as the population

Question 10

biased sample

Answer 10

different characteristics from those of the population

Question 11

Selection bias or sampling bias

Answer 11

occurs when participants or subjects are selected in a manner that increases the probability of obtaining a biased sample.

Question 12

law of large numbers

Answer 12

states that the larger the sample size, the more likely it is that values obtained from the sample are similar to the actual values for the population.

Question 13

Systematic sampling

Answer 13

listing all the individuals in the population, then randomly picking a starting point on the list. The sample is then obtained by moving down the list, selecting every nth name. The size of n is calculated by dividing the population size by the desired sample size.

Question 14

stratified random sampling

Answer 14

first identify the specific subgroups (or strata) to be included in the sample. Then we select equal-sized random samples from each of the pre-identified subgroups, using the same steps as in simple random sampling.

Question 15

proportionate stratified random sampling or simply proportionate random sampling

Answer 15

sample is obtained such that the proportions in the sample exactly match the proportions in the overall population

Question 16

cluster sampling

Answer 16

clusters of participants

Question 17

most commonly used sampling method in behavioral science research

Answer 17

convenience sampling