ch 4: ethics

Question 1

ethics

Answer 1

the study of proper actions

Question 2

research ethics

Answer 2

the responsibility of researchers to be honest and respectful to all individuals who are affected by their research studies or their reports of the studies’ results

Question 3

ethical principles dictate what? (7)

Answer 3

(1) measurement techniques, (2) participant selection, (3) research strategies, (4) research designs, (5) how studies may be carried out, (6) data analysis and (7) result reporting

Question 4

basic categories of ethical responsibility (2)

Answer 4

(1) ensure the welfare and dignity of the individuals and (2) ensure that public reports of their research are accurate and honest

Question 5

examples of unethical studies done by Nazis

Answer 5

(1) breaking and re-breaking bones, (2) exposure to extreme altitude, (3) exposure to freezing water

Question 6

Nuremberg Code

Answer 6

10 guidelines for the ethical treatment of human participants in research (came from Nazi criminal trials)

Question 7

principle of respect for persons (autonomy)

Answer 7

individuals should consent to participate in studies and those who cannot give their consent need special protection

Question 8

principle of beneficence

Answer 8

researchers do not harm the participants, minimize risk and maximize possible benefits

Question 9

principle of justice

Answer 9

fair and non-exploitative procedures for the selection and treatment of participants so that the costs and benefits fo participation are distributed equally

Question 10

apa item 1: no ___

Answer 10

harm

Question 11

apa item 2: privacy and ____

Answer 11

confidentiality

Question 12

apa item 3: ____ approval

Answer 12

institutional

Question 13

apa item 4: _____

Answer 13

competence

Question 14

apa item 5: ____ keeping

Answer 14

record

Question 15

apa item 6: informed ______ to ____

Answer 15

consent; research

Question 16

apa item 7: _____ with informed consent

Answer 16

dispensing

Question 17

apa item 8: offering ____ for research participation

Answer 17

inducements

Question 18

apa item 9: ______ in research

Answer 18

deception

Question 19

apa item 10: _____

Answer 19

debriefing

Question 20

when do you not need informed consent?

Answer 20

(1) just naturalistic observations in public places without identification, (2) deception

Question 21

clinical equipoise

Answer 21

ethical responsibility to provide the best possible treatment for their patients; only conduct studies that compare equally preferred treatments

Question 22

components of informed consent (3)

Answer 22

(1) information, (2) understanding, (3) voluntary participation

Question 23

passive deception is also known as ___

Answer 23

omission

Question 24

active deception is also known as ___

Answer 24

commission (misleading)

Question 25

when using deception, researchers are responsible for….? (3)

Answer 25

(1) considering all other options, (2) not concealing info about physical pain or severe emotional distress, and (3) debrief as soon as possible

Question 26

confidentiality

Answer 26

the practice of keeping strictly secret and private the info or measurements obtained from an individual during a research study

Question 27

anonymity

Answer 27

the practice of ensuring that an individual’s name is not directly associated with the information or measurements obtained from that individual

Question 28

confidentiality strategies (2)

Answer 28

(1) no names or other identification appears on data records and (2) coding system to keep track of which participant names go with which sets of data

Question 29

IACUC

Answer 29

institutional animal care and use committee

Question 30

fraud

Answer 30

the explicit effort of a researcher to falsify or misrepresent data

Question 31

error

Answer 31

an honest mistake

Question 32

safeguards against fraud (3)

Answer 32

(1) replication, (2) peer review, (3) verification via sharing of data