ch 4: ethics Flashcards
ethics
the study of proper actions
research ethics
the responsibility of researchers to be honest and respectful to all individuals who are affected by their research studies or their reports of the studies’ results
ethical principles dictate what? (7)
(1) measurement techniques, (2) participant selection, (3) research strategies, (4) research designs, (5) how studies may be carried out, (6) data analysis and (7) result reporting
basic categories of ethical responsibility (2)
(1) ensure the welfare and dignity of the individuals and (2) ensure that public reports of their research are accurate and honest
examples of unethical studies done by Nazis
(1) breaking and re-breaking bones, (2) exposure to extreme altitude, (3) exposure to freezing water
Nuremberg Code
10 guidelines for the ethical treatment of human participants in research (came from Nazi criminal trials)
principle of respect for persons (autonomy)
individuals should consent to participate in studies and those who cannot give their consent need special protection
principle of beneficence
researchers do not harm the participants, minimize risk and maximize possible benefits
principle of justice
fair and non-exploitative procedures for the selection and treatment of participants so that the costs and benefits fo participation are distributed equally
apa item 1: no ___
harm
apa item 2: privacy and ____
confidentiality
apa item 3: ____ approval
institutional
apa item 4: _____
competence
apa item 5: ____ keeping
record
apa item 6: informed ______ to ____
consent; research
apa item 7: _____ with informed consent
dispensing
apa item 8: offering ____ for research participation
inducements
apa item 9: ______ in research
deception
apa item 10: _____
debriefing
when do you not need informed consent?
(1) just naturalistic observations in public places without identification, (2) deception
clinical equipoise
ethical responsibility to provide the best possible treatment for their patients; only conduct studies that compare equally preferred treatments
components of informed consent (3)
(1) information, (2) understanding, (3) voluntary participation
passive deception is also known as ___
omission
active deception is also known as ___
commission (misleading)
when using deception, researchers are responsible for….? (3)
(1) considering all other options, (2) not concealing info about physical pain or severe emotional distress, and (3) debrief as soon as possible
confidentiality
the practice of keeping strictly secret and private the info or measurements obtained from an individual during a research study
anonymity
the practice of ensuring that an individual’s name is not directly associated with the information or measurements obtained from that individual
confidentiality strategies (2)
(1) no names or other identification appears on data records and (2) coding system to keep track of which participant names go with which sets of data
IACUC
institutional animal care and use committee
fraud
the explicit effort of a researcher to falsify or misrepresent data
error
an honest mistake
safeguards against fraud (3)
(1) replication, (2) peer review, (3) verification via sharing of data
