Ch. 5 - 8 Test Flashcards
What is the monomer unit of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
What are the three types of monosaccharides?
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
What are the polymer units of carbohydrates?
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
What are three examples of disaccharides?
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
What are examples of polysaccharides?
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin
What bonds form between carbohydrates?
Glycosidic linkages (dehydration synthesis)
What is the monomer unit of lipids?
Fatty acids
What are the two main types of fatty acids?
Saturated and unsaturated
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fat?
Saturated has only single bonds, unsaturated has double bonds which bend the chain
What are the polymer units of lipids?
Fats, phospholipids, and steroids
What are lipids used for?
Energy storage and cholesterol
What types of bonds form between lipids?
Ester linkages
What are the monomer units of proteins?
Amino acids
What is the polymer unit of proteins?
Polypeptides
What bond forms between amino acids?
Peptide bonds (covalent bonds)
What is an example of proteins?
Muscle cells, keratin/collagen
What is the monomer unit of nucleic acid?
Nucleotides
What are nucleotides made of?
Sugar, phosphate, base
What bonds form in nucleic acids?
Phosphodiester bWhatonds in backbone of DNA, hydrogen bonds b/t nucleotides
What are examples of nucleic acid?
DNA, RNA, and ATP
What is the first level of protein structure?
Primary - unique order of twenty amino acids
What is the second level of protein structure?
Secondary - coiled or folded amino acid chains
What are the two types of secondary proteins?
Alpha helix - coiled spring
Beta pleated sheet - folded and held together w/ hydrogen bonds
What is the third level of protein structure?
Tertiary - comprehensive 3D structure of a polypeptide chain
What is the fourth level of protein structure?
Quaternary - structure of protein formed by interactions of multiple polypeptide chains
What is the path of protein synthesis?
Transcription ➔ RNA processing ➔ formation of initiation complex ➔ amino acid activation ➔ translation
What is transcription?
RNA is transcribed from a DNA template in the nucleus
What is RNA processing?
In eukaryotes, the RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) is spliced and modified to produce mRNA, which moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in the nucleus
What is the formation of initiation complex?
After leaving the nucleus, mRNA attaches to the ribosome in the cytoplasm
What is amino acid activation?
Each amino acid attaches to its proper tRNA with the help of a specific enzyme and ATP
What is translation?
A succession of tRNAs add their amino acids to the polypeptide chain as the mRNA is moved through the ribosome one codon at a time in ribosomes
What are purines?
Guanine and adenosine
What are pyrimidines?
Cytosine and thymine
What are the basic parts of a nucleotide?
Sugar, phosphate, base
What is the function of a ribosome?
Carry out protein synthesis either within the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
What is the function of the nucleus?
Contains the cell’s genetic information, enclosed in a nuclear envelope genetic info is stored in chromosomes
What structures make a ribosome?
rRNA and polypeptide chains
What structures make a nucleus?
Nuclear envelope, lamina, chromosomes/chromatin, nucelolus
What is the function of a lysosome?
Carry out cellular macromolecule digestion through the process phagocytosis, where the lysosome consumes another body by engulfing it
What is the function of the cell membrane?
Separates the interior and exterior of cells with a semipermeable membrane that protects cells by regu
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
One of the intermediate filaments that gives cells their shape and structure
What is the function of the cell wall?
Gives plants shape; protects and prevents the cell from taking in too much water; holds the plant up against the force of gravity
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Convert sunlight to chemical energy
Small sacs called thylakoids are stacked into structures called granum; stroma is the cellular fluid around the thylakoids that contain the chloroplast DNA
What the structures make chloroplasts?
Thylakoids, granum, stroma
What is the function of chromosomes?
Chromosomes help pass genetic information from parent to offspring cells and entire organisms
What is the function of DNA?
DNA provides the long-term storage of information such as the coding for proteins and genes
What is the function of mitochondria?
Provides energy via cellular respiration; the cristae is the folded inner membrane that contains the mitochondrial matrix, which contains enzymes and ribosomes that catalyze cellular respiration
Why are unsaturated and saturated fats important to membrane fluidity?
Phospholipids make up the cell membrane and the kinks in their chains keep them from solidifying
What are glycoproteins and glycolipids and what are their functions?
Carbohydrates; Helps cells of different kinds distinguish themselves from one another
What are glycoproteins?
A carbohydrate attached to a protein
What are glycolipids?
A carbohydrate attached to a lipid
How does water/substances move across a semipermeable membrane?
Water/substances will move from the side with lower molar concentration to that of higher molar concentration
What is simple diffusion?
No energy required, proceeds until equilibrium is reached
What is facilitated diffusion?
The use of a transport protein to aid a specific molecule in crossing the cell membrane
What is passive transport?
Allows molecules to flow through a concentration gradient with no energy
What is active transport?
Requires energy to work against the concentration gradient
What are enzymes?
Catalytic proteins
What do enzymes do?
Can lower activation energy needed for a rxn to happen. Has active sites where substrate binds. Can also use induced fit where the shape of the enzyme changes when bound to the substrate. Its shape can also change with other active sites being activated (Noncompetitive Inhibition)
Define substrate.
Straight sub. The reactant worked on by the enzyme. (Cellulose or cellobiose)
Define product.
The result of the reaction. (Cellobiase)
Define active site.
Area on enzyme where substrate binds and fits to be acted upon by the enzyme
Define cofactor.
A non-protein helpers to enzymes (Zinc)
Define competitive inhibitors.
Chemicals that binds to the active site of the enzyme that prevents the substrate from binding there.
Define noncompetitive inhibitors.
Chemicals that binds to another active site on the enzyme that changes its shape and active site (Sarin, pesticides DDT, and parathion)
How do competitive inhibitors work?
Competitive Inhibitors attach to the active site and create a new shaped enzyme.
How do noncompetitive inhibitors work?
Noncompetitive Inhibitors attach to another active site on the enzyme that changes its overall shape, including other active sites on the enzyme
What are endergonic reactions?
Overall increase in Gibb’s free energy, anabolic
What are exergonic reactions?
Overall decrease in Gibb’s free energy, catabolic
What is water potential?
Water potential is the potential of water to LEAVE an area. High water potential means high potential to leave
Why is beneficial for cells to have a greater surface area?
A greater Surface area to volume ratio is better because a greater surface area allows for more nutrients and needed materials to come in.
How do you find initial rate of reaction?
It is the (amount of product after 1 min) / 1 min.
Define the Hardy-Weinberg variables.
ALLELE frequencies: p + q = 1
p: frequency of the dominant allele
q: frequency of the recessive allele
GENOTYPE frequencies: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
p2: frequency of Homozygous dominant individuals
2pq: frequency of heterozygous individuals
q2: frequency of homozygous recessive individuals
What is a null hypothesis?
If _____ Then _____. Any differences will be due to chance.
