Ch. 5/6: Language/Religion Flashcards
A system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning
Language
To be used for official documents and public objects (e.g. road signs and money)
Official language
Refers to a system of written communication
Literacy tradition
Collection of language-related through a distant common ancestral language
Language family
Collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language
Language branch
Collection of languages within a branch
Language group
-Predominately people from South Asia, North America, and Latin America
- 2/3 of the world’s population speaks a language under this branch
Indo-European
- e.g. Mandarin Chinese
- Spoken in the People’s Republic of China and smaller countries
Sino-Tibetan
- e.g. Arabic
- Spoken in Southwestern Asia and North Africa (and bits of East Africa)
Afro-Aslatic
Informal Latin
Vulgar Latin
A theory made by Marija Gimbutas stated that Proto-Indo-European ancestral language and diffused while traveling
Kurgan/Nomadic Warrior Theory
A theory made by Colin Renfrew that the 1st speakers of English of Proto-Indo-European lived in present-day Turkey and emigrated to Europe and South Asia
Renfrew Hypothesis/ Secondary Farmer Hypothesis
Modern English evolved from which Germanic tribes
Angles, Saxons, and Jutes
A language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native language are different
Lingua franca
A language that contains more than 2 language combined
Pidgin language
Symbols that represent words or meaningful parts of words
Logograms
Regional variations of a language
Dialects/Accents
A dialect that is well established and widely recognized as the most acceptable for government, business, education, and mass communication
Standard language
Word-usage boundary
Isogloss
A language that results from using a colonizer’s language with an indigenous language
Creole/Creolized Language
A language unrelated to any other language, therefore, not attached to any language family
Isolated language
A language that is no longer used anymore
Extinct language
3 Largest Religions
- Christianity
- Islam
- Buddhism
Folk Religions
- Hinduism
- Judaism
- Animism
Attempt to be global, not just for one certain culture or group
Univeralizing religion
Primarily to one group of people living in one place
Ethnic/Folk Religion
Belief that God doesn’t exist
Atheism
Belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists
Agnoticism
A large and fundamental division within a religion (e.g. Orthodoxy)
Branch
A division of a branch that unifies a number of local congregations (e.g. Roman Catholicism)
Denomination
Where are Sikhs located?
In the Punjab region of India
to refer to the practices of ancient people who had multiple gods with human forms (e.g. the Greeks)
Pagan
Dispersion of people outside of their original homeland
Diaspora
How are pagodas evidence of Buddhism’s diffusion?
People would move to different countries to build them
Set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe
Cosmogony
Journey for religious purposes to a sacred place
Pilgrimage
Well-defined geographic structure and organizes territory into local administrative units (e.g. Roman Catholics - pope)
Hierarchial religion
A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally (e.g. Islam)
Autonomus religion
Strict adherence to bring back basic principles of a religion (e.g. the Taliban in Afghanistan)
Fundamentalism
Sacred place of Hinduism
Ganges River
Sacred place of Islam
the Hajj in Mecca
Saced place of Christianity
Jerusalem and St. James road
Sacred place of Judaism
the Western Wall in Jerusalem
Sacred place for Buddhism
Lumbini, Nepal (Buddha’s birth place)
Only one language is spoken
Monolingual states
More than one language is spoken
Multilingual states
When a group of people take control of a country and make everyone follow their orders
Conquest theory
