CH 5 + 6 Flashcards
Absorption
Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream
Amino Acids
Small building blocks of proteins, released when proteins are digested
Digestion
Breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms
Elimination
Removal of indigestible materials as feces
Enzymes
Chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances
Fatty Acids
Substances produced when fats are digested
Gastrointestinal
Pertaining to the stomach and intestines
Glucose
simple sugar; necessary as a source of energy for body cells
Triglycerides
Fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol; chief form of lipids
Buccal
Pertaining to the cheek
Canine
Pointed dog-like teeth next to the incisors
Cheeks
the fleshy portion of either side of the face
Crown
the portion of the tooth that is covered by enamel
Cementum
a specialized external bony layer covering the dentin of the part of a tooth normally within the gum
Deglutition
swallowing
Dentin
primary material found in teeth; surrounding the pulp and covered by enamel of the crown
Distal
Far from the point of attachment to the trunk of the body or far from the beginning of a structure
Enamel
Hard, outermost layer of a tooth
Facial
pertaining to the face
Gums
tissue of the upper and lower jaws that surrounds the base of the teeth
Hard Palate
front, bony part of the roof of the mouth
Incisal
pertaining to the incisor
Incisor
one of the four front teeth on either jaw
Lips
the upper or lower fleshy margin of the mouth
Mastication
chewing
Mesial
pertaining to the middle
Molar
Flat teeth in the back of the mouth on either side of the dental arch
Occlusal
pertaining to grinding or biting surface of a tooth
Papillae
small elevations on the surface of the tongue; containing taste buds
Parotid Gland
salivary gland that is situated on each side of the face below and in front of the ear
Periodontal Membrane
membrane that surrounds the tooth in the tooth socket
Premolar
two teeth before molars
Pulp
soft tissue with a tooth containing nerves and blood vessels
Root Canal
a treatment to repair and save a badly damaged or infected tooth instead of removing it
Rugae
Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach
Saliva
digestive juice produced by salivary glands
Salivary Glands
three pairs of exocrine glands secreting saliva into the mouth; parotid glands, sublingual glands, and submadibular glands.
Soft Palate
the back portion is muscular
Submandibular Gland
a salivary gland inside of and near the lower edge of the mandible on each side and discharging by Wharton’s duct into the mouth under the tongue
Tongue
A freely movable muscular organ that lies partly in the floor of the mouth and partly in the pharynx
Tonsils
masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx
Uvula
soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate, at the back of the mouth.
Esophagus
tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach
Pharynx
throat
Throat
pharynx
Bolus
is a ball-like mixture of food and saliva that forms in the mouth during the process of chewing
Peristalsis
rhythmic contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract and other tubular structures
Stomach
muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus; composed of three main parts: fundus, body, and antrum
Antrum
Lower portion of stomach
Body
middle section of stomach
Fundus
upper portion of stomach
Hydrochloric Acid
substance produced in the stomach; aids digestion
Lower Esophageal Sphincter (Cardiac Sphincter)
ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach
Pepsin
a stomach enzyme that serves to digest proteins found in ingested food
Pyloric Sphincter
ring of muscles that surrounds the opening of the stomach to the duodenum
Rugae
Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the tsomach
Sphincters
circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening
Bile
digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
Duodenum
first part of the small intestine
Gallbladder
small sac under the liver; stores bile
Ileum
third part of the small intestine
Jejunum
second part of the small intestine
Liver
large reddish-brown organ in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen
Pancreas
gland located under and behind the stomach
Small intestine (Small Bowel)
the part of the intestine that lies between the stomach and colon, consists of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, secretes digestive enzymes, and is the chief site of the absorption of digested nutrients
Villi
microscopic projections in the wall. of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the blood stream
Anus
opening of the rectum to the outside of the body
Appendix
small tube-like organ connected to the beginning of the large intestine (cecum. located in the RLQ of the abdomen
Ascending Colon
the part of the large intestine that extends from the cecum to the bend on the right side below the liver
Cecum
first part of the large intestine (colon)
Colon
large intestine
Defecation
eliminating of waste and undigested foods through the anus
Descending Colon
the part of the large intestine on the left side that extends from the bend below the spleen to the sigmoid colon
Feces
solid waste; stool
Rectum
last section of the large intestine
Sigmoid Colon
lower s-shaped section of the colon, just before the rectum
Transverse Colon
the part of the large intestine that extends across the abdominal cavity joining the ascending colon to the descending colon
Amylase
enzyme that digests starches into simpler substances such as sugar
Bilirubin
orange-yellow pigment found in bile. released from the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells die
Common Bile Duct
tube carrying bile from the liver and gallbladder into the duodenum
Cystic Duct
A tube that carries bile from the gall bladder
Emulsification
breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, digestible particles
Glycogen
storage form of glucose (sugar); produces glucose when it is broken down in liver cells
Glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen to release sugar
Gluconeogenesis
process of producing the new sugar from fats and proteins; occurs mainly in the liver
Glucose
sugar
Hepatic Duct
a duct conveying the bile away from the liver and in many vertebrates including humans uniting with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct
Insulin
hormone secreted by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. transports sugar from the blood into cells
Jaundice (Hyperbilirubinemia)
yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood
Lipase
pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats
Pancreatic Duct
a duct leading from the pancreas and opening into the duodenum
Portal Vein
large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
Protease
enzyme that digest protein
An/o
anus
Append/o
appendix
Appendic/o
appendix
Bucc/o
cheek
Cec/o
cecum
Celi/o
belly, abdomen
Cheil/o
lips
Cholecyst/o
gallbladder
Choledoch/o
common bile duct
Col/o
colon
Colon/o
colon
Dent/i
tooth
Duoden/o
duodenum
Enter/o
intestines
Esophag/o
esophagus
Faci/o
face
Gastr/o
stomach
Gingiv/o
gums
Gloss/o
tongue
Hepat/o
liver
Ile/o
ileum
Labi/o
lip
Lapar/o
abdomen
Jenjun/o
jejunum
Lingu/o
tongue
Mandibul/o
lower jaw
Odont/o
tooth
Or/o
mouth
Palat/o
palate
Pancreat/o
pancreas
Peritone/o
peritoneum
Pharyng/o
throat
Proct/o
anus and rectum
Pylor/o
pyloric sphincter
Rect/o
rectum
Sialaden/o
salivary gland
Sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
Stomat/o
mouth
Amyl/o
starch
Bil/i
gall, bile
Bilirubin/o
biliruibin
Chol/e
gall, bile
Chlorhydr/o
hydrochloric acid
Gluc/o
sugar
Glyc/o
sugar
Glycogen/o
glycogen, animal starch
Lip/o
fat, lipid
Lith/o
stone
Protec/o
protein
Sial/o
saliva, salivary
Steat/o
fat
-ase
enzyme
-chezia
defecation, elimination. of waste
-iasis
abnormal condition
-prandial
meal
Anorexia
lack of appetite
Ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
Borborygmus
rumbling or gurgling noises produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract
Constipation
difficulty in passing stools
Diarrhea
frequent passage of loos, water stools
Dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
Eructation
gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
Flatus
gas expelled through the anus
Hematochezia
passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum
Melana
black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood
Nausea
unpleasant sensation in the stomach with. atendency to vomit
Steatorrhea
fat in the feces
Achalasia
failure of the lower esophagus sphincter muscle to relax
Anal Fistula
abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus
Aphthous Stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers
Cholelithiasis
Gallstones in the gallbladder
Cirrhosis
chronic degenerative disease of the liver
Colonic Polyposis
polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon
Colorectal Cancer
adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both
Crohn’s Disease
chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract
Dental Caries
tooth decay
Diverticulosis
abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal wall of the colon
Dysentery
painful inflammation of the intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection
Esophageal Varices
swollen varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus
Gastric Carcinoma
malignant tumor of the stomach
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach
Hemmorrhoids
swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region
Hernia
protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues and muscles normally obtaining it
Herpetic Stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus
Oral Leukoplakia
white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth
Ileus
loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
Intussusception
telescoping of the intestines
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
group of GI symptoms without structural abnormalities in the intestines
-ectasis -ectasia
dilation
-emesis
vomiting
-lysis
breakdown or destruction
-pepsia
digestion
-phagia
eating, swallowing
-plasty
surgical repair
-ptosis
drooping
-ptysis
spitting
-rrhage -rrhagia
bursting forth (of blood)
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-spasm
involuntary contraction of muscles
-stasis
stopping, controlling
-stenosis
narrowing, tightening
-tresia
opening
chol/e
bile; gall
cholangi/o
bile vessel
glyc/o
sugar
Herni/o
hernia
Lip/o
fat
Lith/o
stone; calculus
Splen/o
spleen
Steat/o
fat, sebum
Liver Function Test (LFTs)
test for the presence of enzymes and bilirubin in the blood
Stool Culture
test for microorganisms present in feces
Stool Guaiac or Hemoccult Test
test to detect occult (hidden) blood in feces
Abdominal Ultrasonography
sound waves beamed into the abdomen produce an image of abdominal viscera
Cholangiography
x-ray examination of the biliary system performed after injection of contrast into the bile ducts
Computed Tomography (CT)
a series of x-ray images are taken in multiple views
Gastric Bypass
a shortened jejunum is brought up to connect with the smaller stomach
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using an endoscope
Liver Biopsy
removal of liver tissue for microscopic examination
Lower Gastrointestinal Series (Barium enema)
x-ray images of the colon and rectum obtained after injection of barium into the rectum
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
magnetic waves produce images of organs and tissues in all three planes of the body
Nasogastric Intubation
insertion of a tube through the nose into te stomach
Paracentesis (Abdominocentesis)
puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen
Upper Gastrointestinal Series
x-ray images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine obtained after administering barium by mouth
