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Oceanography > Ch. 5 > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Sediment

A

Any solid fragment of inorganic or organic material
• Rocks and cobble at the beach
• Fragments of seashells
• Sand and mud at the bottom of the bay

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2
Q

Principle of Superposition

A

In a deposit of undisturbed sedimentary rock layers, the oldest rocks are at the base of the deposit and the youngest rocks are at the top

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3
Q

Paleoceanography

A

The study of the Earth’s history in the ocean’s sedimentary record.

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4
Q

Sediment cores

A

Long, narrow-diameter cylinders of sediments, some of which may be hundreds of feet long.

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5
Q

Challenger Expedition

A

The first oceanographic expedition to study the global distribution of sediments in the world ocean

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6
Q

Foraminifera

A

Microscopic marine organisms found throughout the world ocean

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7
Q

Wolfgang Schott

A

Determined that the absence of foraminifera skeletons in the lower layers of the core was caused by cold seawater temperatures

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8
Q

Cesare Emiliani

A

Determined that the ratio of Oxygen18/Oxygen16 changed based on water temperature.
Colder waters had a higher concentration of Oxygen18 (+3.5%)
Warmer waters had a lower concentration of Oxygen18 (0 to -2%)

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9
Q

Kullenberg piston corer

A

An instrument that enabled oceanographers to obtain 10-20 m sediment cores representing 1-2 million years of deposition

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10
Q

CLIMAP

A

Climate: Long-Range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction

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11
Q

Milankovitch cycle

A

Millennial-scale deviations in Earth’s orbit around the Sun that causes ice ages

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12
Q

Heinrich events

A

Abrupt climate change in the form of rapid cooling within decades to centuries

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13
Q

Oxygen18

A

A stable isotope of Oxygen in the shells of foraminifera

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14
Q

Name some sources of marine sediments

A 
Continental and oceanic crust
Volcanoes
Microbes
Plants and animals
Chemical processes
Outer space
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15
Q

Why is it difficult to identify the source of sediment?

A

It may have been altered form its original form by physical, chemical, or biological processes

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16
Q

Descriptive classification

A

Visual analysis of the texture and composition of a sediment sample

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17
Q

Size classification

A

Based on visual, mechanical, or laser-based sizing of sediments, aids in understanding physical and chemical changes in sediments that occur during transport and deposition

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18
Q

Genetic classification

A

A more complete description of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of sediments

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19
Q

Logging

A

A visual classification system where an oceanographer creates a written description of sediments obtained while at sea. This will be used as a guide for more detailed analysis at shore.

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20
Q

Two broad categories of sediments

A

Granular

Chemical

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21
Q

Granular

A

Results from the fragmentation of inorganic or organic parent materials (e.g., mud, silt, sand, and microscopic shells of marine organisms). They can be formed by mechanical, biological, or volcanic processes.

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22
Q

Chemical

A

Forming directly from dissolved compounds in seawater

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23
Q

Mechanical Processes

A

Weathering and erosion

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24
Q

Biological processes

A

Secretion of cell or mineralized cell wall

25
Q

Volcanic processes

A

Above- of below-water ejection of ash and particles

26
Q

Categories of granular sediments

A

Biogenous

Lithogenous

27
Q

Biogenous

A

Originating from biological processes, i.e., from organisms that secrete mineral skeletons. They are subdivided into calcareous and siliceous.

28
Q

Lithogenous

A

Originating from rocks

29
Q

Chemical sediment categories

A

Hydrogenous

Authidgenic

30
Q

Hydrogenous

A

Coming from water

31
Q

Authigenic

A

Forming in place

32
Q

Examples of chemical sediments

A
  • Limestone and limestone-like rocks resulting from the mineralized remains of marine organisms whose cell walls are made of calcium carbonate
  • Evaporites
  • Metalliferous compounds produced by hydrothermal vents
  • Manganese nodules
33
Q

Diatoms

A

Single-celled, photosynthetic microbes whose cell walls are constructed of silica

34
Q

How are biogenous sediment named?

A

For the type of organism that formed the sediment

35
Q

Tektites

A

A special class of lithogenous sediments that have undergone what is known as shock metamorphism. They originate from the ejection of melted fragments of terrestrial rocks during meteorite impacts.

36
Q

Interplanetary dust particles

A

Cosmic dust. They are enriched in He3, an isotope of Helium

37
Q

Cosmogenous sediment

A

Small particles, captured by Earth’s gravitational field, that originate from asteroids, active comets, and other planetary objects in the solar system.

38
Q

Udden-Wentworth scale

A

The classification of sediments by their diameter

39
Q

Sedimentation

A

Sedimentary processes; the processes that involve the production, transport, and deposition of sediments

40
Q

How are sediments produced?

A

Through the erosion of rocks, mostly continental, and through the activities of organisms, especially microorganisms that form skeletons or shells

41
Q

How does the transport of sediments occur?

A

By winds, rivers, ocean currents, ice flows, glaciers, and a number of other geological processes

42
Q

Sediment Cycle

A
  1. Origination
  2. Transport
  3. Deposition
  4. Destruction
43
Q

Hydrologic cycle

A

The solar- and gravity-driven exchange of water between various reservoirs

44
Q

Continental weathering

A

The dissolution, fracturing, or chemical alteration of rocks through physical, chemical, or biological processes

45
Q

Physical/mechanical weathering

A

The breaking apart or fragmentation of rocks due to rock slides, debris flows, and other processes, such as earthquakes

46
Q

Chemical weathering

A

Arises due to oxidation of minerals or elements within minerals, dissolution by natural acids, and dissolution of rocks in water

47
Q

Biological weathering

A

Stems from the activities of organisms that fracture, dissolve, or chemically alter rocks

48
Q

In what ways does weathering vary?

A 
According to the following:
Chemical makeup of the rock
Climate
Presence of soil
Length of exposure of the rock at the surface
49
Q

Threshold velocity

A

The speed of fluid flow (Air or water) that causes a particular sediment to move

50
Q

Three types of sediment movement

A
  1. Rolling
  2. Saltation
  3. Suspension
51
Q

Rolling movement

A

The tumbling of a grain along a surface

52
Q

Saltation movement

A

The hopping of a grain along a surface

53
Q

Suspension movement

A

The floating of a grain within the fluid

54
Q

Grain size distribution

A

The proportions of different sizes of grains within sediment

55
Q

Well-sorted

A

A sample of sediment where the grains exhibit a narrow range of sizes

56
Q

Poorly sorted

A

A sample of sediment where the grains exhibit a wide range of sizes

57
Q

Why does sorting occur?

A

Grains of different sizes and densities behave differently under a given flow

58
Q

Stoke’s Law

A

The method of rating the sinking of fine particles mathematically

59
Q

Sediment trap

A

An instrument that allows for the direct measurement of particle sinking rates

Oceanography (6 decks)

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