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z_NUR112: Exam 4 > Ch 47: Bowel Elimination - SP Assessment > Flashcards

Ch 47: Bowel Elimination - SP Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

Some common clinical manifestations of altered bowel function are:

A
  • Bloating
  • Flatulence
  • Abdomincal discomfort or pain
  • Nausea and Vomiting
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2
Q

Some clinical manifestations of bowel DISORDERS are:

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Incontinence
  • Constipation
  • Impaction
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3
Q

Give examples of Objective and Subjective data regarding Incontinence.

A
  • Objective data
    • Patient soiling linen or clothes
  • Subjective data
    • Patient may or may not recognize the occurrence of bowel movement due to mental status
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4
Q

Give examples of Objective data regarding Constipation

A
  • Hypoactive bowel sounds
  • Extended time gap between bowel movements
  • Excessive straining
  • Hard feces
  • Abdominal distention
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5
Q

Give examples of Subjective data regarding Constipation

A
  • Rectal pain
  • Abdominal cramping, pain, and/or pressure
  • Urgency
  • Anorexia
  • Headache
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6
Q

Give examples of Objective data regarding Impaction

A
  • Continuous leaking of stool, a common sign of impaction, resulting from the liquid stool above the area of the impaction seeping around the fecal mass
  • Palpation of fecal mass by digital exam
  • Abdominal distention
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7
Q

Give examples of Subjective data regarding Impaction

A
  • Rectal pain
  • Abdominal cramping, pain, and/or pressure
  • Anorexia
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8
Q

What is the order of abdominal assessement?

A
  • Inspection
  • Auscultation
  • Palpation
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9
Q

Abdominal inspection involves observing the…

A
  • abdomen for:
    • Symmetry (all quadrants are equal)
    • Position of umbilicus
    • Contour (flat, round, protuberant, as in pregnancy or obesity)
    • Distention (protuberant abdomen with tight skin)
    • Presence of any scars, stomas, or lesions
  • Stool for
    • Consistency
    • Color
    • Presence of blood or mucus
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10
Q

Describe normal bowel sounds

A
  • High-pitched
  • Soft gurgling or clicking
  • Occur 4-12 times per minute
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11
Q

Describe abnormal Hyperactive bowel sounds

A
  • High-pitched
  • Loud
  • Growling
  • Occur 12 to more than 30 times per minute
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12
Q

Describe abnormal Hypoactive bowel sounds

A
  • Slow
  • Sluggish
  • Occur less than 5 times per minute
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13
Q

Abscent bowel sounds are defined as…

What does this indicate?

A
  • Definition
    • No sound for five full minutes
  • Indication
    • obstruction or paralytic ileus
    • Requires immediate medical attention
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14
Q

Abdomincal paplation involves…

A
  • light pressure over the abdomen to assess for:
    • Masses
    • Pain
    • Rigidity
  • Pt reported pain sensitve areas are saved for LAST
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15
Q

What are the two assessement tests for fecal matter?

A
  1. Stool Culture
  2. Fecal Occult Blood Test
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16
Q

How is a Stool Culture performed?

A

A small feces sample is smeared onto a special medium for growing microorganisms.

17
Q

Why is a Stool Culture ordered?

A

To detect abnormal microorganisms that can cause diarrhea

18
Q

When is a Stool Culture ordered?

A
  • Prolonged diarrhea
  • Blood or mucus present in loose stools
19
Q

What does a positive Stool Culture indicate?

A

Indicates intestinal presence of pathogens in the sample.

20
Q

How is a Fecal Occult Blood Test performed?

A

A small feces sample that is exposed to a chemical indicator that changes color with exposure to blood.

21
Q

Why is a Fecal Occult Blood Test ordered?

A

To detect microscopic amounts of blood in the feces.

22
Q

When is a fecal Occult Blood Test ordered?

A
  • Routine screening for colorectal cancer
  • Suspicion of certain intestinal disorders, such as:
    • Colon polyps
    • Ulcerative colitis
    • Crohn’s disease
    • GI tract bleeding
23
Q

What does a positive Fecal Occult Blood Test mean?

A
  • presence of blood in stool;
  • additional diagnostic testing may be necessary.
24
Q

What are the three types of Gastrointestinal Diagnostic Studies?

A
  • Barium
  • Endoscopic (EDG)
  • Colonoscopy
25
Q

What is a major contraindication of barium studies?

A

Patients with renal disease

26
Q

What are the two types of Barium studies?

A

Upper and Lower GI series

27
Q

If an upper and lower GI series is ordered, which must be done first? Why?

A
  • Lower GI must be done first as it would not effect the Upper GI results
  • However, if the Upper GI were done first, it would effect the Lower GI series
28
Q

How is an Upper GI Series performed?

A
  • Barium is swallowed.
  • Barium coats intestinal lining, making anatomic structures visible.
  • Radiographic (X-ray) images are taken.
29
Q

What is the purpose of an Upper GI Series?

A
  • Visualizes upper digestive tract.
  • Used to diagnose upper GI diseases and conditions such as:
    • Ulcers
    • Tumors
    • Hiatal hernias
    • Scarring
    • Blockages
30
Q

How is a Lower GI Series performed?

A
  • Barium is inserted into colon via an enema (lower GI).
  • Barium coats intestinal lining, making anatomic structures visible.
  • Radiographic (X-ray) images are taken.
31
Q

What is the purpose of a Lower GI Series?

A
  • Visualizes the colon and rectum.
  • It is used to diagnose conditions such as:
    • Abnormal growths
    • Ulcers
    • Polyps
    • Diverticula
    • Colon cancer
32
Q

What is an EGD?

A

It is the collective term for a procedure that includes esophagoscopy, gastroscopy, and duodenoscopy

33
Q

What is the puprose of an EGD?

A
  • It is used to diagnose upper GI conditions in patients with:
    • Swallowing difficulties
    • Vomiting
    • GI bleeding
    • Gastric reflux
    • Abdominal or chest pain
    • Abnormalities seen on X-ray
34
Q

How is an EGD performed?

A

The endoscope is inserted into the mouth, down the throat, and into the stomach.

35
Q

What is the purpose of a Colonoscopy?

A
  • Performed to visualize the lower GI tract, including the anus, rectum, and colon.
  • It is used to:
    • Screen for colorectal cancer
    • Assess for complaints of abdominal pain, bleeding, and weight loss
36
Q

How is a colonoscopy performed?

A

The endoscope is inserted into the anus and slowly guided into the rectum and colon.

37
Q

Impaction may occur secondary to

A

prolonged constipation.

38
Q

It is important that palpation be performed last because

A

it alters peristalsis.

39
Q

Auscultation of the abdomen focuses on listening to bowel sounds to determine whether they are

A

normal, hyperactive, hypoactive, or absent.

z_NUR112: Exam 4 (12 decks)

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