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BIO225 > Ch. 45 Gas Exchange & Circulation > Flashcards

Ch. 45 Gas Exchange & Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

ventilation

A

movement of air or water through specialized gas-exchange organ (lungs or gills)

bring inside body

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2
Q

steps of gas exchange

A

1) ventilation
2) gas exchange
3) circulation
4) cellular respiration

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3
Q

gas exchange

A

takes place as CO2 & O2 diffuse between air or water and the blood at the ventilatory surface

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4
Q

circulation

A

dissolved O2 and CO2 are transported throughout body

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5
Q

cellular respiration

A

gas exchange between blood and cells occurs in tissues

  • leads to low O2 levels & high CO2 levels
  • O2 & CO2 diffuse between blood and cells
  • ultimately produce ATP

involves transfer of electrons from compounds w/ high potential energy through an ETC & ultimately to an electron acceptor (often oxygen)

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6
Q

respiratory system

A

the collection of cells, tissues & organs responsible for gas exchange between an animal & its environment

  • responsible for ventilation & gas exchange
  • breathing

(ie) lungs, mouth & nose in humans

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7
Q

circulatory system

A

the system responsible for moving oxygen, carbon dioxide & other materials (hormones, nutrients, water) around the body
- need specialized liquid transport tissue

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8
Q

oxygen level in environment

A

high

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9
Q

oxygen level in tissues

A

low

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10
Q

carbon dioxide level in environment

A

low

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11
Q

carbon dioxide level in tissues

A

high

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12
Q

oxygen movement

A

diffusion from environment to tissues along respective partial-pressure gradients

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13
Q

carbon dioxide movement

A

diffusion from tissues to environment along respective partial-pressure gradients

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14
Q

partial pressure

A

pressure of a particular gas in a mixture of gases

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15
Q

water contains _______ (more/less) oxygen than air does

A

less

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16
Q

water is _______ (more/less) dense than air

A

more

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17
Q

water breathers have to expend ________ (more/less) energy to ventilate their respiratory surfaces than do air breathers

A

more

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18
Q

factors that determine amount of gas dissolved

A

1) solubility of gas in water
2) temperature of water (cold = more oxygen)
3) presence of other solutes
4) partial pressure of the gas in contact w/ the water

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19
Q

Habitats w/ large numbers of photosynthetic organisms tend to be relatively oxygen ________ (rich/poor)

A

rich

(ie) algae filled lake has lots of plants & less animals

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20
Q

Habitats where organisms live off existing organic material tend to be relatively oxygen ________ (rich/poor)

A

poor

(ie) city has more animals/humans than plants

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21
Q

types of gas exchange

A

1) direct diffusion across body surface
2) specialized organ for gas exchange on land
3) specialized organ for gas exchange in water

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22
Q

Animals exchange gases by direct diffusion across the body surface mostly live in _________ (wet/dry) environments.

A

wet

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23
Q

Fick’s law of diffusion

A

a mathematical relationship that describes the rate of diffusion of gases

24
Q

conditions for largest amounts of all gas diffusion (Fick’s law)

A

1) the surface area for gas exchange is large
2) the respiratory surface is extremely thin for faster transportation
3) the partial pressure gradient of the gas across the surface is large

25
gill
outgrowth of the body surface or throat used for gas exchange in aquatic animals - benefit: large surface area for oxygen diffusion across an extremely thin epithelium - types: internal or external (ie) fish
26
internal gill characteristics
- water must be driven over them in ventilation process
27
how do fish ventilate their gills?
by opening & closing their mouth and the operculum *fast swimmers force water through gills by swimming with mouth open (ram ventilation)
28
operculum
a stiff gill flap of tissue that covers the gill of teloest fishes
29
ram ventilation
type of ventilation of water through gills by swimming with mouth open
30
Movement of water over gills is _________ (unidirectional/bidirectional).
unidirectional
31
why is water movement not bidirectional?
if water movement were bidirectional, the organism would lose oxygen
32
gill lamellae
a sheetlike structure made up of a bed of small blood vessels (capillaries)
33
capillary
small, thin-walled blood vessels that permeate all tissues & organs - allow exchange of gases & other molecules between blood and body cells
34
countercurrent exchange
any anatomical arrangement that allows the maximum transfer of heat or a soluble substance from one fluid to another - the 2 fluids must be flowing in opposite directions & have a heat concentration gradient between them
35
requirements for countercurrent exchange
1) fluids must be flowing in opposite directions | 2) presence of a heat concentration gradient between fluids
36
why can't blood flow be a concurrent flow with water flow?
over time diffusion will stop
37
tracheae
(in insects) a series of tube extending throughout the insect body - connects to exterior through spiracles
38
spiracle
(in insects) a small opening that connects the air-filled tracheae to the external environment - allows gas exchange to occur
39
how does ventilation occur in insects?
gas exchange takes place directly across the cells' plasma membrane - spiracles open or close to allow air to flow into tracheae, which extends throughout the body - as a result, volume of tracheal system changes (pressure inversely related to volume) *does not require a circulatory system for gas to reach tissues
40
how do vertebrates breathe?
through the lungs, respiratory system & circulatory system
41
trachea
(in animals) the airway connecting the larynx to the bronchi | windpipe
42
bronchi
(bronchus) | one of a pair of large tubes that lead from the trachea to each lung
43
bronchioles
any of the small tubes in mammalian lunges that carry air from the bronchi to the alveoli
44
lung is made up of:
1) trachea 2) bronchi 3) bronchioles 4) alveoli
45
lung
any respiratory organ used for gas exchange between blood & air - infoldings of the throat - enclose the bronchioles & part of the bronchi - FCN: gas exchange
46
alveoli
any of the tiny air-filled sacs of a mammalian lung - provide an interface between air & blood that consists of a thin aqueous film, a layer of epithelial cells, some extracellular matrix (ECM) & a wall of a capillary - FCN: increase surface area for gas exchange - end of branch - high pressure
47
alveoli components
an interface between air & blood that consists of: 1) a thin aqueous film 2) a layer of epithelial cells 3) some extracellular matrix (ECM) 4) a wall of a capillary
48
why do smokers have a harder time breathing?
tar lines their alveoli (extra lining), which prevents oxygen exchange
49
mode of lung ventilation among different species
1) simple lungs (snails & spiders) = air movement by diffusion 2) active ventilation by pumping air via muscular contractions (vertebrates)
50
positive pressure ventilation
ventilation of the lungs by using positive pressure in the mouth to "PUSH" air into the lungs (ie) frogs do not have a secondary palette so they have to consciously swallow air
51
negative pressure ventilation
ventilation of the lungs by expanding the rib cage so as to "PULL" air into the lungs - via diaphragm - unconscious process (ie) humans have a secondary palette so breathing is unconscious process
52
diaphragm
an elastic, sheetlike structure that contracts & moves downward during INHALATION, expanding the chest - (mammals) separates chest & abdominal cavities
53
inhalation
(mammals) possible through diaphragm downward motion
54
exhalation
a passive process driven by the elastic recoil of the lungs & chest wall as the diaphragm & rib muscles relax
55
dead space
portions of the air passages (trachea & bronchi) that do not have a respiratory surface - one-third of lung folume

BIO225 (26 decks)

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