Ch 41 Animal nutrition

Question 1

animal nutrition

Answer 1

the process in which food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up

Question 2

in general, animals fall into what three categories? define each.

Answer 2

Herbivores: eat mainly plants and algae.

Carnivores: eat other animals.

Omnivores: regularly consume animals as well as plants or algae.

Question 3

most animals are…?

Answer 3

opportunistic feeders

Question 4

what does an animals diet provide? explain each.

Answer 4

• chemical energy, which is converted into ATP to power cellular processes.
• organic building blocks, such as organic carbon and organic nitrogen, to synthesize a variety of organic molecules.
• essential nutrients, which are required by cells and must be obtained from dietary sources.

Question 5

essential nutrients

Answer 5

are required by cells and must be obtained from dietary sources.

Question 6

what are the four classes of essential nutrients?

Answer 6

• essential amino acids
• essential fatty acids
• vitaimins
• minerals

Question 7

essential amino acids

Answer 7

must be obtained from food in preassembled form

Question 8

how many amino acids do animals require?

Answer 8

animals require 20 amino acids and can synthesize about half from molecules in their diet.

Question 9

what products provide all the essential amino acids and are thus “complete” proteins?

Answer 9

meat, eggs, and cheese.

Question 10

true or false, most plant proteins are incomplete in amino acid composition.

Answer 10

true

Question 11

true or false, individuals who eat only plant proteins need to eat specific plant combinations to get all the essential amino acids.

Answer 11

true

Question 12

true or false, some animals have adaptations that help them through periods when their bodies demand extraordinary amounts of protein.

Answer 12

true.

Question 13

true or false, animals cannot synthesize most of the fatty acids they need.

Answer 13

false.

Question 14

true or false, deficiencies in fatty acids are rare.

Answer 14

true

Question 15

describe essential fatty acids. give an example.

Answer 15

must be obtained from the diet and include certain unsaturated fatty acids.

example: fatty acids with one or more double bonds.

Question 16

what are vitamins?

Answer 16

vitamins are organic molecules required in the diet in small amounts.

Question 17

how many vitamins are essential for humans?

Answer 17

thirteen vitamins are essential for humans.

Question 18

vitamins are grouped into what two categories?

Answer 18

fat-soluble and water-soluble.

Question 19

what are minerals?

Answer 19

minerals are simple inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts.

Question 20

what can upset homeostatic balance?

Answer 20

ingesting large amounts of some minerals can upset homeostatic balance.

Question 21

what causes undernutrition?

Answer 21

undernutrition results when a diet does not provide enough chemical energy.

Question 22

what will the body do when an individual is undernourished?

Answer 22

• use up stored fat and carbohydrates
• break down its own proteins
• lose muscle mass
• suffer protein deficiency of the brain
• die or suffer irreversible damage

Question 23

what are neural tube defects a result of?

Answer 23

neural tube defects were found to be the result of a deficiency in folic acid in pregnant mothers.

Question 24

where have insights into human nutrition come from?

Answer 24

insights into human nutrition have come from epidemiology.

Question 25

what is epidemiology?

Answer 25

epidemiology is the study of human health and disease in populations.

Question 26

what do genetic defects do? how are they helpful? give an example.

Answer 26

genetic defects disrupt food uptake. they provide information about human nutrition. Example: hemochromatosis causes irom buildup without excessive iron intake.

Question 27

what is ingestion?

Answer 27

ingestion is the act of eating.

Question 28

what is digestion?

Answer 28

digestion is the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb.

Question 29

in chemical digestion, what is the process of enzymatic hydrolysis?

Answer 29

in chemical digestion, the process of enzymatic hydrolysis splits bonds in molecules with the addition of water.

Question 30

what does mechanical digestion do?

Answer 30

mechanical digestion, including chewing, increases the surface area of food.

Question 31

what does chemical digestion do?

Answer 31

chemical digestion splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes; these are used to build larger molecules.

Question 32

what is absorption?

Answer 32

absorption is uptake of nutrients by body cells.

Question 33

what is elimination?

Answer 33

elimination is the passage of undigested material out of the digestive system.

Question 34

true or false, most animals do not process food in specialized compartments.

Answer 34

false

Question 35

most animals process food in specialized compartments. what do these compartments do?

Answer 35

these compartments reduce the risk of an animaldigesting its own cells and tissues.

Question 36

what happens in intracellular digestion?

Answer 36

in intracellular digestion, food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis.

Question 37

what do food vacuoles contain?

Answer 37

food vacuoles, containing food, fuse with lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes.

Question 38

what is extracellular digestion?

Answer 38

extracellular digestion is the breakdown of food particles outside of cells.

Question 39

where does extracellular digestion occurs?

Answer 39

it occurs in compartments that are continuous with the outside of the animal's body.

Question 40

where is a gastrovascular cavity found? where does is function?

Answer 40

animals with simple body plans have a gastrovascular cavity that functions in both digestion and distributon of nutrients.

Question 41

more complex animals have a digestive tube with what two openings?

Answer 41

more complex animals have a digestive tube with two openings, a mouth and an anus.

Question 42

what is the digestive tube called?

Answer 42

the digestive tube is called a complete digestive tract or an alimentary canal.

Question 43

what has specialized regions that carry out digestion and absorption in a stepwise fashion?

Answer 43

the complete digestive tract, which is also called an alimentary canal.