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Test #2 Biology > Ch 33 An introduction to Invertebrates > Flashcards

Ch 33 An introduction to Invertebrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Rotifers and what is their Phyla?

A

Rotifers are from the phyla Rotifera.They are tiny animals that inhabit fresh water, the ocean and damp soil.

Rotifers are smaller than many protists but are truly multicellular and have specialized organ systems.

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2
Q

Rotifers have an alimentary canal what is it?

A

An alimentary canal is a digestive tube with seperate mouth and anus that lies within a fluid filled pseudocoelom.

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3
Q

How do Rotifers reproduce?

A

Rotifers reproduce by parthenogenesis, in which females produce offspring from fertilized eggs

Some species are unusual in that they lack males completely.

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4
Q

What two phylas are included in the Lophophorates? and what are their two distinguishing characteristics?

A

Lopho[horates have a lophophore, a crown of ciliated tentacles around their mouth.

They also have a true coelom

Lophophorates include the Ectoprocta and the Brachiopoda

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5
Q

What are some of the defining characteristics of Ectoprocts?

A

Ectoprocts (also called bryzoans) are sessile colonial animals that superficially resemble plants

They have a strong exoskeleton which encases the colony and some species are reef builders.

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6
Q

What are the defining characteristics of the Brachiopods?

A

Brachiopods are superficially resemble clams and other hinge-shelled molluscs, but the two halves of the shell are dorsal and ventral rather than lateral as in clams

Brachiopods are marine and attatch to the seafloor by a stalk.

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7
Q

What species do the phylum Mollusca include and where do they inhabit?

A

The ohylum mollusca include snails and slugs, oysters and clams, and octopuses and squids.

Most molluscs are marine, though some inhabit fresh water and some snails and slugs are terrestrial

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8
Q

What are the three main characteristics of molluscs?

A

All molluscs have

  • muscular foot
  • viseral mass
  • mantle

Many molluscs also have a water-filled mantle cavity and feed using a rasplike radula

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9
Q

What is a lophophore?

A

The life cycle of many molluscs inclede the cilliated larval stage called a trophophore

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10
Q

What are the four major classes of molluscs?

A
  • Polyplacophora (chitons)
  • Gastropoda (snails, oysters, and other bivalves)
  • Bivalvia (clams, oysters, and other bivalves)
  • Cephalopoda (squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, and chambered nautiluses)
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11
Q

What are some of the characteristics of Chitons?

A
  • Chitons are oval shaped marine animals encased in an armor of eight dorsal plates.
  • They use their foot like a suction cup to grip rock.and their radula to scrape algae off the rock surface
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12
Q

What amount of species account for all living species of molluscsand gastropods?

A

three- quarters of all living species

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13
Q

What are nudibraches?

A

They are a part of the gastropods (naked lungs) they get their name cause their gils are just kind of hanging out in the open exposed and surrounds their anus

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14
Q

What are some of the distinguishing characteristics of gastropods?

A
  • most gastropods are marine but many are freshwater and terrestrial species.
  • The most distinctive characteristic of gastropods is torsion, which causes the animal’s anusand mantle to end up above its head (basically they poop on their own heads); tosion is different fromvthe coiling of a shell
  • most have a single, spiraled shell
  • slugs lack a shell or have a reduced shell
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15
Q

What are some of the characteristics of bivalves?

A

Bivalves are marine and include many species of clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops

  • They have shell divided into two halves drawn together by adductor muscles
  • some bivalves have eyes and sensory tentacles along the edge of their mantle
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16
Q

What special feature does the mantle cavity haveand what is it used to do?

A

The mantlecavity of a bivalve contains gills that are used for feeding as well as gas exchange.

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17
Q

When you eat scallops what are you eating?

A

The adductor muscle

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18
Q

What do scallops eat?

A

algae, some even eat red tide (a neurotoxin) but it doesnt hurt the organism but will kill us for eating them

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19
Q

What are cephalopods?

A

Cephalopods are carnivores with beak-like jaws surrounded by tentacles of their modified foot

-Most octopuses creep along theseafloor in search of prey

cephalopods have a closed circulatory system, well developed sense organs and a complex brain

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20
Q

All cephalopods have tentacles, how many do octopuses, squid and cuddlefish? what is different about octopus tentacles and squids?

A

Octopus:8

squid: 10
cuddlefish: 10

squids and cuddlefish haave 10 tentacles but they ccan use two of them to shoot out and capture things

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21
Q

Squids are pallagic, what does that mean?

A

They are out and about swimming everywhere

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22
Q

Octopus are pallagic and benthc. What is benthic?

A

bentic means that they like to hang out near the ocean floor.

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23
Q

What are nautilis? they migrate everyday what doesthis mean?

A

They are up on the surface feeding during the night and during the day they go really deep in the ocean

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24
Q

What is a special function of a nautilus?

A

They like to go into area of the ocean that have little to no oxygen and their shell has gas stored inside and they use it asa scuba tank and they modify their gas content to balance their buyancy so that they ae neutrally buoyant, and they are a living fossil (only living cephlopod with a shell)

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25
Q

What two methods do squids use to swim?

A

They use their siphon to fire out a jet of water which allows them to swim very quickly, they also have a fin they use to help them swim when they are swimming slow.

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26
Q

How do octopus and squid change color? and use crypsis to their advantage?

A

They have the ability to camophage they do it in two ways

  • they are able to change colors using things called chromatophores and change color and patterns
  • underneath their skin they have discs called chromatophores that are anchored and have different pigments,when the disc is open you see the color and when they close the disc its looks white
  • They have muscle under their skin called capilae, which will puff up and match the 3-D shape of their surroundings.
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27
Q

What are ammonites?

A

They are shelled cephalopods which went extinct at the end of the cretaceous 65.5 million years ago

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28
Q

How do you swim if your a squid or an ammonite?

A

You have to suck in water and blow it out, so a squid has to use eight times as much energy to swim half as fast as a fish the same size would

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29
Q

What are annalids? and what two groups is this phylum divided into?

A

They are worms

annalids have bodies composed of a series of fused rings and are coelomates (have a true coelom)
-the phylum annalida is divided ino:

  • Polychaeta (polychaetes)
  • ogliochaeta (earthworms and their relatives, and leeches)
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30
Q

What are some of the characteristics of polychaetes?

A

Members of class polychaetes have paddle-like parapodia that work as gills and aid in locomotion

-most polychaetes are marine

Polychaetes (many mouths)

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31
Q

What are some characteristics of the Oligochaetes?

A

Oligochaetes are named for relatively sparse chaetae (mouth parts), bristles made of chitin

Earthworms lie under this catagory

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32
Q

What catagory do earthworms fall into and what are some of their characteristics?

A

Eathworms lie under Oligochaetes

Earthworms eat through soil, estracting nutrients as the soil moves through the alimentary canal

  • earthworms are hermaphrodites but cross-fertilize (they do themselves)
  • some reproduce asexually by fragmentation
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33
Q

What catagory do leeches lie in? what are some of their characteristics?

A
  • They also fall under the catagory of oligochaetes
  • most species of leeches live in fresh water; some are marine or terrestrial
  • leeches include predatorsof invertebrates, and parasites that suck blood
  • leeches secrete a chemical called hirudin to prevent blood coagulating
  • heparin
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34
Q

How do we use leeches today in modern medicine?

A

Ex: if a finger is cut off and is sown back on, the flesh begins to rot so they use leeches to draw out the dead blood and try to increase blood flow to that appendage

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35
Q

What are some of the characteristics of the clade Ecdysozoans?

A

Ecdysozoans are the most species-rich animal group

Ecdysozoans are covered by a tough coat called a cuticle

-the cuticle is shed or molted through a process called ecdysis

the two largest phyla are nemtodes and arthropods

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36
Q

What are the two largest phylas of the clade Ecdysozoans?

A

Nematodes and arthropods

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37
Q

Why would ecdysozoan shed their cuticle?

A

in order to grow, as they grow they get too big for the shell and they shed it to grow another that will fit.

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38
Q

What clade do nematodes fall into? and what are some of their characteristics?

A

Nematodesor roundworms, are found in most aquatic habitats, in the soil, in moist tissues of plants and in body fluids and tissues of animals

  • They have an alimentary canal, but lack a circulatory system
  • reproduction in nematodes is usually sexual, by internal fertilization
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39
Q

What amount of species of animals are arthropods? and where are they found?

A

Two out of every known species of animals are arthropods

Members of the phylum arthropoda are found in nearly all habitats of the biosphere

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40
Q

What does the arthropod body plan consist of? What event do they date back to?

A

The arthropod body plan connsists of a segmented body, hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages

  • this body plan dated to the cambrian explosion (535-525 million years ago)
  • Early arthropods show little variation from segment to segment
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41
Q

What is Arthropod evolution characterized?

A

Arthropod evolution is characterized by a decrease in the number of segments and an increase in appendage specialization

-These changes may have been caused by changes in the hox gene (informationas to where parts go) sequences or regulation

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42
Q

The appendages of some living arthropods are modified for functions such as what?

A

walking, feeding, sensory reception, reproduction and defense

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43
Q

The body of an arthropod is completely covered by cuticle, what is an exoskeleton made of?

A

Layers of protein and the polysaccharide chitin

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44
Q

What is the purpose of claws in lobsters?

A

They are used for natural selection, females are looking for males with big claws and the males are fighting with eachother with those big claws

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45
Q

What is different about the eyes of arthropods?

A

They have compound eyes so they have hundreds of eyes all on one little stock looks like the surface of a golf ball so their image isnt as detiled as your but they would see hundred of you so the advantage would be that the compound eye excentuates movement so it makes it really easy for them to see small movements of other animals

ex: flys and lobsters

46
Q

Arthropods have open circulatory systems what does that mean?

A

they have an open body cavity, the heart pumps and stuff just bathes over the organs. Low pressure,low slow return time so its not as fast if you have a fast metabolism

47
Q

What are some of the characteristics of arthropods?

A
  • arthropods have eyes, olfactory receptors, and antennae that function in tough and smell
  • aarthropods have anopen circulatory system in which hemolymph is circulated into the spaces surrounding the tissues and organs
  • a variety of organs specialized for gas exchange have evolved in arthropods
48
Q

Molecular evidence suggests that living arthropods consist of four major lineages that diverged early in the phylums evolution what are they?

A
  • Chelicerates (sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, mites and spiders)
  • Myraiapods(centapedes and millipedes)
  • hexapods (insects and relatives)
  • Crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, shrimps, barnacles and many others)
49
Q

what are chelicerates named for?

A

chlelicerates, subphylum chelicerata, are named for clawlike feeding appendages called chelicerae.

50
Q

what were the earliest cheliceriforms?

A

the earliest cheliceriforms were eurypterids (water scorpions)

51
Q

most modern cheliceriforms are_________.

A

most modern cheliceriforms are arachnids, which include spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites.

52
Q

arachnids have an abdomen and a cephalothorax which has what six pairs of appendages?

A

the chelicerae, the pedipalps, and four pairs of walking legs.

53
Q

book lungs

A

respiratory organs, causes gas exchange in spiders.

54
Q

what do spiders produce from their specialized abdominal glands?

A

many spiders produce silk and a liquid protein

55
Q

what does subphylum myriapoda include?

A

millipedes and centipedes.

56
Q

describe centipedes

A
  • centipedes are carnivores
  • centipedes have one pair of legs per trunk segment
57
Q

what are subphylum hexapoda?

A

insects and relatives.

  • has more species than all other forms of life combined
  • they live in almost every terrestrial habitat and in fresh water
  • the internal anatomy of an insect includes several complex organ systems
58
Q

how have insect diversified over the years?

A

insects diversified several times following the evolution of flight, adaptation to feeding on gymnosperms, and the expansion of angiosperms

-insect and plant diversity declined during the cretaceous extinction, but has been increasing in the 65 million years since

59
Q

true or false: many insects undergo metamorphosis during their development

A

true

60
Q

what occurs in incomplete metamorphosis?

A

in incomplete metamorphosis, the young, called nymphs, resemble adults but are smaller and go through a series of molts until they reach full size.

61
Q

complete metamorphosis

A

insects with complete metamorphosis have larval stages known by such names as maggot, grub, or caterpillar

-the larvel stage looks entirely different from the adult stage

62
Q

how do insects recognize other insects from the same species?

A

individuals find and recognize members of their own species by bright colors, sound, or odors.

63
Q

how are some insects beneficial/harmful?

A

some insects are beneficial as pollinators, while others are harmful as carrierss of diseases, or pests of crops.

64
Q

what environment do crustaceans live in? describe crustaceans.

A

while arachnids and insects thrive on land, crustaceans, for the most part, have remained in marine and freshwater environments.

-crustaceans, subphylum crustacea, typically have branched appendages that are extensively specialized for feeding and locomotion.

65
Q

what do small crustaaceans exchange?

A

small crustaceans exchange gases through the cuticle; larger crustaceans have gills

66
Q

isopods

A

isopods include terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species

-pill bugs are a well known group of terrestrial isopods

67
Q

decapods

A

decapods are all relatively large crustaceans and include lobsters, craabs, crayfish, and shrimp

68
Q

copepods

A

are among the most numerous of all animals

69
Q

what are barnacles?

A

barnacles are a group of mostly sessile crustaceans

-they have a cuticle that is hardened into a shell

70
Q

what do echinoderms and chordates have(include)?

A
  • echinoderms (phylum echinodermata) include sea stars and sea urchins.
  • chordates (phylum chordata) include the vertebrates
  • echinoderms and chordates constitute the clade deuterostomia
71
Q

what developmental characteristics do deuterostomes share?

A
  • radial cleavage
  • formation of the anus from the blastopore
  • deuterostomes are defined primarily by DNA similarities
72
Q

echinoderms

A

slow-moving or sessile marine animals

73
Q

what covers an endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates?

A

a thin epidermis covers an endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates

74
Q

water vascular system

A

a network of hyraulic canals branching into tube feet that function in locomotion and feeding

75
Q

living echinoderms are divided into what five classes?

A
  • asteroidea (sea stars and sea daisies)
  • ophiruroidea (brittle stars)
  • echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
  • crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)
  • holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
76
Q

what do millipedes eat?

A

millipedes eat decaying leaves and plant matter

77
Q

how many legs do millipedes have?

A

millipedes have many legs, with two pairs per trunk segment

78
Q

are myriapods terrestrial?

A

myriapods are terrestrial, and have jaw-like mandibles

79
Q

are centipedes omnivores, herbivores, or carnivores?

A

centipedes are carnivores.

80
Q

how many legs do centipedes have?

A

centipedes have one pair of legs per trunk segment

81
Q

what is one key to the great success of insects?

A

flight is one key to the great success of insects

82
Q

what advantages does an animal that can fly have?

A

an animal that can fly can escape predators, find food, and disperse to new habitats much faster than organisms that can only crawl.

83
Q

what do most insects undergo during their development?

A

metamorphosis

84
Q

how do insects reproduce?

A

most insects have separate males and females and reproduce sexually

85
Q

how are insects classified?

A

insects are classified into more than 30 orders

86
Q

true or false: most crustaceans have separate males and females

A

true

87
Q

true or false: plantonic crustaceans include many species of copepods

A

true

88
Q

what do barnacles have that is hardened into a shell?

A

barnacles have a cuticle that is hardened into a shell

89
Q

how do echinoderms reproduce?

A

males and females are usually separate, and sexual reproduction is external

90
Q

do most adult echinoderms have multiple radial symmetry?

A

most adult echinoderms have radial symmetry with multiples of five

91
Q

what type of symmetry does echinoderm larvae have?

A

echinoderm larvae have bilateral symmetry

92
Q

how many arms radiate from a central disk on sea stars?

A

-sea stars have multiple arms radiating from a central disk

93
Q

describe the undersurface of the arms of a sea star.

A

the undersurface of each arm bears tube feet, which grip substrate with adhesive chemicals

94
Q

what do sea stars feed on?

A

sea stars feed on bivalves by prying them open with their tube feet, everting their stomach, and digesting their prey externally with digestive enzymes

95
Q

true or false: sea stars can reqrow lost arms

A

true

96
Q

when were sea daisies discovered?

A

sea daisies were discovered in 1986, and only three species are known

97
Q

where do sea daisies live?

A

sea daisies live on submerged wood and absorb nutrients through a membrane that surrounds their body

98
Q

describe brittle stars

A

brittle stars have a distinct central disk and long, flexible arms, which they use for movement

99
Q

some species are suspension feeders, while others are_______?

A

some species are suspension feeders while others are predators or scavengers

100
Q

how many rows of tube feet do sea urchins and sand dollars have?

A

sea urchins and sand dollars have no arms but have five rows of tube feet

101
Q

what are sea urchins and sand dollars spines used for?

A

their spines are used for locomotion and protection

102
Q

what do sea urchins feed on?

A

sea urchins feed on seaweed using a jaw-like structure on their underside

103
Q

where do sea lilies live?

A

sea lilies live attached to the substrate by a stalk

104
Q

how do feather stars crawl?

A

feather stars can crawl using long, flexible arms

105
Q

true or false: sea lilies and feather stars are both suspension feeders

A

true

106
Q

describe the physical appearance of a sea cucumber

A

sea cucumbers lack spines, have a very reduced endoskeleton, and do not look much like other echinoderms

107
Q

how many tube feet do sea cucumbers have?

A

sea cucumbers have five rows of tube feet; some of these are developed as feeding tentacles

108
Q

what does phylum chordata consist of?

A

phylum chordata consists of two subphyla invertebrates as well as hagfishes and vertebrates

109
Q

what type of symmetry do chordates have?

A

chordates are bilaterally symmetrical coelomates with segmented bodies

110
Q

are chordates and echinoderms similar?

A

chordates share many features of embryonic development with echinoderms, but have evolved separately for at least 500 million years

Test #2 Biology (4 decks)

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