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Test #2 Biology > ch 34 overview: half a billion years of backbones > Flashcards

ch 34 overview: half a billion years of backbones Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Vertebrates and how many species are there?

A

They get their name from vertebrae, the series of bones that make up the backbone

There are about 52,000 species, including the largest organism ever to live on the earth.

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2
Q

True or false: are Chordates bilaterian and from the clade of animals known as the Deuterostomia.

A

true

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3
Q

chordates comprise all vertebrates and what two groups of invertebrates?

A

chordates comprise the urochordates and cephalochordates.

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4
Q

true or false: all chordates share a set of derived characters.

A

true

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5
Q

what are four key characters of chordates?

A
  • notochord
  • dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  • pharyngeal slits or clefts
  • muscular, post-anal tail
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6
Q

what is a notochord?

A

the notochord is a longitudinal, flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord.

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7
Q

what kind of support does the notochord provide?

A

it provides skeletal support throughout most of the length of a chordate. in most vertebraes, a more complex, jointed skeleton develops, and the adult retains only remnants of the embryonic notochord.

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8
Q

the nerve cord developes into what in the central nervous system?

A

the nerve cord develops into the central nervous system: the brain and the spinal cord

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9
Q

how does the nerve cord of a chordate embryo develop?

A

the nerve cord of a chordate embryo develops from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to the notochord.

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10
Q

what are pharyngeal clefts? what do they develop into?

A

in most chordates, grooves in the pharynx called pharyngeal clefts develop into slits that open to the outside of the body.

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11
Q

what are the functions of pharyngeal slits?

A
  • suspension-feeding structures in many invertebrate chordates
  • gas exchange in vertebrates (except vertebrates with limbs, the tetrapods)
  • develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck in tetrapods.
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12
Q

true or false: chordates hace a tail anterior to the anus

A

false

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13
Q

what are the characteristics of post-anal tail?

A
  • in many species, the tail is greatly reduced during embryonic development
  • the tail contains skeletal elements and muscles
  • it provides propelling force in many aquatic species
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14
Q

lancelets (cephalochordata)

A

they are marine suspension feeders that retain characteristics of the chordate body plan as adults. they are named for their bladelike shape.

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15
Q

what do tunicates most resemble during their larvel stage?

A

tunicates most resemble chordates during their larvel stage, which may last only a few minutes.

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16
Q

how does a tunicate draaw in water? what it do when it is attacked?

A
  • as an adult, a tunicate draws in water through an incurrent siphon, filtering food particles
  • when attacked, tunicates, or “sea squirts,” shoot water through their excurrent siphon
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17
Q

what do ancestral chordates resemble? and how do they resemble?

A

ancestral chordates may have resembled lancelets. the same Hox genes that organize the vertebrate brain are expressed in the lancelet’s simple nerve cord tip.

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18
Q

what do genome sequencing suggest?

A
  • genes associated with the heart and thyroid are common to all chordates
  • genes associated with transmission of nerve impulses are unique to vertebrates
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19
Q

what characteristics do craniates share with chordates?

A

-a skull, brain, eyes, and other sensory organs

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20
Q

What are the derived characteristics of Craniates?

A

Craniates have two clusters of Hox genes; Lancelets and tunicates have only one cluster

  • one unique feature to craniates is the neural crest
  • In aquatic craniates the pharyngeal clefts evolved into gill slits
  • Craniates have a higher metabolismand are more muscular than tunicates and lancelets
  • craniates have a heart with at least two chambers, red blood cells with hemoglobin and kidneys
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21
Q

A collection of cells near the dorsal margins of the closing neural tube in the embryo

A

Neural Crest

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22
Q

What do neural crest cells give rise to?

A

A variety of structures, including some of the bones and cartilage of the skull bone

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23
Q

Whats event documents the transition to craniates? and what is the fossils name?

A

The cambriaan explosion documents the transition to craniates

-Haikouella had a well formed brain, eyes, and muscular segments but not a skull

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24
Q

What is the name of a more advanced chordate that had parts of a skull and was a true craniate?

A

Myllokunminga

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25
Q

Characteristics of Hagfishes

A
  • are the most basal group of craniates (myxini)
  • hagfishes have a cartilaginous skull and axial rod of cartilage derived from the notochord, but lack jaws and vertebrae
  • They have a small brain, ears and tooth like formations
  • they are marine and most are bottom dwelling scavengers
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26
Q

During what era did the craniates evolve into vertebrates? and what were they more efficient in?

A

During the cambrian period, they became more efficient at capturing food and avoiding being eaten

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27
Q

Characteristics of Lampreys

A

-are jawless vertebrates that feed by clamping their mouth onto a live fish

they inhabit various marine and freshwater habitats

they have cartilagenous segments surrounding the notochord and arching partly over the nerve cord

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28
Q

What species representd the oldest living lineage of vertebrates?

A

Lampreys (petromyzontida)

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29
Q

The first vertebrates with mineralized skeletal elements in their mouth and pharynx

A

Conodonts

-their fossilized dental elements are common in the fossil record

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30
Q

Where did mineralization appear from?

A

Mineralization appears to have originated with vertebrate mouthparts

-The vertebrate endoskeleton became fully mineralized much later

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31
Q

Give several examples of gnathostomes

A

gnathostomes include sharks and their relatives, ray-finned fishes, lobe finned fishes, amphibians, reptiles (including brds) and mammals

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32
Q

Characteristics of gnathostomes

A
  • jawed vertebrates
  • genome duplication including duplication of hox genes
  • an enlarged forebrain associated with enhanced smell and vision

aquatic gnathostomes have lateral lines, which is sensitive to vibrations

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33
Q

What is the name of the earliestgnathostomes in the fossil record?

A

Placoderms-an extinct lineage of armored vertebrates

appeared in the ordovician

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34
Q

What are the three lineages of jawed vertebrates surviving today?

A

Chondrichthyans

ray finned fishes

lobe fins

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35
Q

What are chondrichthyans?and give two examples

A
  • have sketetons composed primarily of cartilage
  • The largests and most diverse group of chondrichthyans includes the sharks, rays and skates
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36
Q

Characteristics of sharks

A
  • sharks have a strealined body and are swift swimmers
  • the largest sharks are suspension feeders, but most are carnivores
  • Sharks have a short digestive tract with a ridge called the spiral valve to increase the digestive surface area
  • have acute senses including sight, smell, and the ability to detect electrical fields from nearby animals
  • shark eggs are fertilized internally but can develop in different ways

-

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37
Q

Eggs hatch outside the mothers body

A

oviparous

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38
Q

The embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk

A

Ovoviviparous

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39
Q

The embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished through a yolk sac placenta from the mothers blood

A

viviparous

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40
Q

The vast majority of vertebrates belong to a clade of gnathostomes called?

A

Osteichthyes

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41
Q

Characteristics of Osteichthyans

A
  • nearly all living osteichthyans have a bony endoskeleton
  • include bony fish and tetrapods
  • aquatic osteichthyans are the vertebrates we call fish
  • they have a laterline system
  • most are oviparous, but some have internal fertilization and birthing
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42
Q

Operculum

A

Most fishes breathe by drawing water over gills protected by an operculum

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43
Q

How do fishes control their buoyancy?

A

With an air sac known as a swim bladder

44
Q

Characteristics of ray finned fishes

A

Actinopterygii, include nearly all the familiar aquatic osteichthyans

  • originated during the Silurian period
  • the fins supported mainly by long , flexible rays, are modified for maneuvering, defense and other functions
45
Q

Lobe fins

A
  • have muscular pelvic and pectoral fins
  • originated in the Silurian period
46
Q

What are the three lineages of libe fins that still survive?

A

Coelacanths, lungfishes and tetrapods

(Coelacanths were thought to have become extinct but a living coelacanth was caught off the coast of south africa

47
Q

What was one of the most signficant events in vertebrate history?

A

When the fins of some lobe fins evolved into the limbs and feet of tetrapods

48
Q

Derived characters of Tetrapods

A
  • four limbs and feet with digits
  • a neck which allows seperate movement of the head
  • fusion of the pelvis girdle to the backbone
  • absence of gills (except aqutic species)
  • ears for detecting airborne sounds
49
Q

Tiktaalik nicknamed a “fishopod” shows which fish and tetrapod characteristics?

A
  • fins, gills, lungs and scales
  • ribs to breathe air and support its body
  • a neck
  • fins with the bone pattern of a tetrapod limb
  • could most likely prop itself on its fins but not walk
50
Q

How many species represent the class amphibia?

A

6,150 species

51
Q

Amphibian characteristics

A

Amphibian means “both ways of life” referring to the metamorphosis of an aquatic larva into a terrestrial adult

-most amphibians have moist skin that complements the lungs in gas exchange

52
Q

Felrtilization in amphibians

A

Fertilazation is external in most species and the eggs require a moist environment

-in some species, males or females care for the eggs on their back, in their mouths or in their stomach

53
Q

Why have amphibian populations been declining?

A

A disease causing chytrid fungs, habitat loss, climate change and pollution

54
Q

What are amniotes and give some examples

A

amniotes are a group of tetrapods whose living members are the reptiles, including birds and mammals

55
Q

Derived characteristics of amniotes

A
  • amniotes are named for the major derived character of the clade , the amniotic egg, which contains membranes that protect the embryo
  • the extraembryonic membranes are the amnion, chorion, yolk sac and allantois
  • the amniotic eggs of most reptiles and some mammals have a shell
  • amniotes have other terrestrial adaptations such as relatively impermeable skin and the ability to use the rib cage to ventilate the lungs
56
Q

How were early amniotes different from the amniotes of today?

A
  • they were more tolerant of dry conditions than early tetrapods
  • the earliest amniotes were small predators with sharp teeth and long jaws
57
Q

What are some examples of reptiles?

A

the tautaras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodillians, birds and some extinct groups

58
Q

Characteristics of reptiles

A

Reptiles have scales that create a waterproof barrier

-most reptiles lay shelled eggs on land

59
Q

Ectothermic

A

Most reptiles are ectothermic, absorbing external heat as the main source of body heat

60
Q

Capable of keeping the body warm through metabolism

A

Endothermic

ex-birds

61
Q

What period does the oldest reptilian fossil date back to?

A

The carboniferous period

62
Q

Parareptiles

A

The first major reptilian group to emerge, were mostly large, stocky quadrupedal herbivores

-were dwindling

63
Q

Diapsids, What were the two main lineages?

A
  • were diversifying
  • the lepidosaurs and the archosaurs
64
Q

Lepidosaurs

A

include tuataras, lizards, snakes and extinct mososaurs

65
Q

Archosaur, what did they produce?

A

The archosaur lineage produced the crocodillians, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs

66
Q

Pterosaurs

A

were the first tetrapods to exhibit flight

67
Q

Dinosaurs

A
  • diversified into a vast range of shaapes and sizes
  • included bipedal carnin=vores called theropods
  • debate continues about whether dinosaurs were endothermic or exothermic

conclusions have been made that dinosaurs were agile and fast moving

-signs of parental care

68
Q

The group from which birds were descended from

A

Theropods

69
Q

What are the two major species of the survivng lineage of lepidosaurs?

A

-lizard-like reptiles called tautaras and the squamates, the lizards and snakes

70
Q

Apart from birds, what are the most numerous and diverse reptiles?

A

Lizards

71
Q

Snakes

A
  • snakes are legless lepidosaurs that evolved from lizards
  • snakes are carnivorous; some are also venomous
72
Q

Turtles

A
  • all turtles have a boxlike shell made of upper and lower shileds that are fused to the vertebrae, clavicle and ribs
  • some turtles have adapted to deserts and others live entirely in ponds and rivers
73
Q

Crocodillians belong to what lineage? and date back to what age?

A

-they belong to an archosaur lineage that dates back to the triassic

74
Q

What lineage represents birds?

A

Birds are archosaurs, but almost every feature of their reptilian anatomy has undergone modification in their adaptaion to flight

75
Q

Derived characters of birds

A
  • many characters are adaptations that facilitate flight
  • the major adaptation is wings with keratin feathers
  • others include lackof a urinary bladder, females with only one ovary, small gonads and loss of teeth
76
Q

How did flight help with hunting? and what does it require?

A
  • Flight enhances hunting and scavenging, escape from terrestrial predators, and migration
  • flight requires a great expenditure of energy, acute vision, and fine muscle control
77
Q

Why might have feathers evolved?

A

Early feathers might have evolved for insulation, camoflauge or courtship display

78
Q

How could early feathers helped dinosaurs?

A
  • Gain lift when they jumped
  • gain traction runnig up hills
  • glide from trees
79
Q

What is the oldest bird known?

A

The Archaeopteryx

80
Q

What clade do living birds belong to?

A

Neornithes

81
Q

What are some of the groups of flightless birds?

A
  • the ratites, orderstruthioniforms
  • penguins, order sphenisciformes
  • certain species of rails, ducks and pigeons
82
Q

How many species represent the class mammilia?

A

more than 5,300 species

83
Q

Derived characters of mammals

A
  • mammary glands, which produce milk
  • hair
  • a high metabolic rate due to endothermy
  • a larger brain than other vertebrates of equivalent size
  • differentiated teeth
84
Q

What did mammals evolve from?

A

Synapsids

85
Q

What are synapsids?

A

Two bones that formerly made up the jaw joint were incorporated into the mammalian ear

86
Q

By the early Cretaceous what thrw living lineages of mammals emerged?

A

monotremes, marsupials and eitherians

87
Q

A small group of egg laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus

A

Monotremes

88
Q

Marsupials

A

Incude opossums, kangaroosand koalas

  • the embryo develops within the placenta in the mothers uterus
  • a marsupial is born very early in its development and completes its development while nursing in a maternal pouch called marsupium
  • in some species such as the bandicoot, the marsupium opens to the rear of the mothers body
89
Q

Eutherians

A
  • have a more complexxx placenta than marsupials
  • young eutherians complete thier embryonic development within the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta
90
Q

What does the mammilian order, Primates include?

A

Lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys and apes

-humans are members of the ape group

91
Q

Derived characters of Primates

A
  • most have hands and feet adapted for grasping and flat nails
  • a large brain and short jaws
  • forward looking eyes close together on the face, providing depth perception
  • complex social behavior and parental care
  • a fully opposable thumb (in monkeys and apes)
92
Q

What are the three main groups of living primates ?

A
  • Lemurs, lorises and pottos
  • tarsiers
  • anthropoids (monkeys and apes)
93
Q

What are some examples of the group anthropoids, primates informely called apes?

A

gibbons,organgutans, gorillas, chimps, bonobos and humans

94
Q

Derived characters of Humans

A
  • upright posture and bipedal locomotion
  • larger brains capable of language, symbolic though, artistc expression, the manufacture and use of complex tools
  • reduced jawbones and jaw muscles
  • shorter digestive tract
95
Q

What percentage of human and chimpannzee genomes are identical?

A

99%

-changes in regulatory genes can have large effects

96
Q

the study of human origin

A

Paleoanthropology

97
Q

Hominins

A

(formely called hominids) are more closely relted to humans than to chimpanzees

  • have discovered about 20 fossils of extinct hominins
  • originated in africa
  • early hominins show evidence of small brains and increasing bipedalism
98
Q

True/False Early homonins were chimpanzees

A

False hominins and chimpanzees shared a common ancestor

99
Q

True/ false Human evolutionis like the ladder leading directly to homo sapians

A

False hominin evolution included many branches or coexisting species, though only humans survive today

100
Q

Australopiths

A
  • are a paraphyletic assemblage of hominins
  • some species such as Australopithecus afarensis walked fully erect
101
Q

Homo habilis

A

The earliest fossils placed in our genus homo

-stone tools have been found with H. habilis giving this speces its name, which means “handy man”

102
Q

Homo egaster

A

the first fully bipedal, large-brained hominid

-shows significan decrease in sexul dimorphism (a size difference between sexes) compred to its ancestors

103
Q

Homo erectus

A
  • originated in africa
  • was the first homonis to leave africa
104
Q

Neanderthals

A

Homo neanderthalensis, lived in europe and near east

  • they were thick-boned with a larger brain, they buried their dead and made hunting tools
  • debate is ongoing about the extent to which genetic material was exchanged between neanderthals and homo sapiens
105
Q

Homo sapians

A

Homo sapiens appeared in africa

-all living humas=ns are descended from these african ancestors

homo sapians were the first group to show evidence of symbolic and sophisticated thought

106
Q
A

Test #2 Biology (4 decks)

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