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BIOL 191 > Ch 40: Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms > Flashcards

Ch 40: Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms Flashcards

1
Q

ecology

A

scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment

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2
Q

global ecology

A

concerned with the biosphere, or global ecosystem, which is the sum of all of the planet’s ecosystems

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3
Q

landscape ecology

A

focuses on the exchange of energy, materials, and organism across multiple ecosystems

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4
Q

landscape/ seascape

A

mosaic of connected ecosystems

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5
Q

ecosystem ecology

A

emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among the various biotic and abiotic components

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6
Q

ecosystem

A

community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact

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7
Q

community ecology

A

deals with the whole array of interacting species in a community

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8
Q

community

A

group of population of different species in an area

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9
Q

population ecology

A

focuses on factors affecting population size over time

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10
Q

population

A

group of individuals of the same species living in an area

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11
Q

organismal ecology

A

studies how an organism’s structure, physiology, and (for animals) behavior meet environmental challenges; includes physiological, evolutionary, and behavioral ecology

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12
Q

climate

A

long term prevailing weather conditions in an area

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13
Q

abiotic

A

nonliving chemical and physical attributes of the environment; ex. temperature, precipitation, sunlight, wind

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14
Q

biotic

A

the other organisms that make up the living component of the environment

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15
Q

biomes

A

major life zones characterized by vegetation type (terrestrial biomes) or physical environment (aquatic biomes)

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16
Q

disturbances

A

event that changes a community; human and natural disturbances can alter distribution of biomes; ex. frequent fires prevent woodlands

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17
Q

terrestrial biomes

A

named for major physical or climatic factors and for vegetation; important feature: vertical layering

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18
Q

layering of vegetation

A

provides diverse habitats for animals; ex. forest with upper canopy, low tree layer, shrub, ground

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19
Q

tropical forest

A

occurs in equatorial and subequatorial regions; temperature is warm year-round, precipitation is generally high but can be seasonal; vertical layering, competition for light is intense; high species diversity; rapid human population growth is now destroying many tropical forests

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20
Q

savanna

A

occurs in equatorial and subequatorial regions; precipitation is seasonal, temp is warm; grasses and forbs; dominant plant species are fire-adapted and tolerant of seasonal drought; wildebeests, zebra, lions, hyenas

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21
Q

deserts

A

occurs in bands near 30 degrees north and south of equator and interior of continents; precipitation is low and highly variable; may be hot or cold; plants are adapted for heat and desiccation tolerance, water storage, reduced leaf area; scorpions, snakes, lizards, seed-eating rodents, nocturnal

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22
Q

chaparral

A

occurs in midlatitude coastal regions; precipitation is high seasonal with rainy winters and dry summers; summer is hot, fall, winter, spring are cool; shrubs and small trees, plants adapted to fire and drought; browsing and small mammals, insects, amphibians, birds

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23
Q

temperate grasslands

A

occur at midlatitudes, interior of continents; precipitation is highly seasonal, winters are cold and dry, summers are hot and wet; grasses and forbs are adapted to droughts and fire; bison, wild horses, small burrowers; most have been converted to farmland

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24
Q

temperate broadleaf forest

A

found at all midlatitudes; significant precipitation as rain or snow, temperature is seasonal but not extreme; deciduous trees; mammals hibernate in the winter, birds migrate to warm

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25
Q

northern coniferous forest (taiga)

A

northern North America and Eurasia and is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth; winters are cold; pine, spruce, fir, hemlock; conical shape of conifers prevents too much snow from accumulating and breaking branches; migratory and resident birds and moose, brown bears, siberian tigers

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26
Q

tundra

A

Arctic; alpine tundra exists on high mountaintops; precipitation is low in arctic and higher in alpine; winters are cold, summers are short; herbaceous (moss, grass, lichen, trees), permafrost restricts growth of plant roots; caribou, bears, wolves

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27
Q

aquatic biomes

A

largest part of biosphere; stratifies into zones/ layers defined by light penetration, temp, depth

28
Q

upper photic zone

A

sufficient light for photosynthesis

29
Q

lower aphotic zone

A

receives little light

30
Q

pelagic zone

A

made up by photic and aphotic zones

31
Q

benthic zone

A

organic and inorganic sediment at the bottom of all aquatic zones; where invertebrates live

32
Q

wetlands

A

inundated by water at least sometimes; ex. estuary; plants are adapted to growing in periodically anaerobic, water-saturated soils; cattails, sedges; diverse invertebrates, waterfowl; human activities destroyed up to 90% of wetlands and disrupted estuaries worldwide

33
Q

estuary

A

transition area between river and sea; salinity varies with the rise and fall of the tides; saltmarsh grasses

34
Q

littoral zone

A

of lakes; shallow and well lighted, close to shore, where rooted and floating aquatic plants live

35
Q

limnetic zone

A

water is too deep to support rooted aquatic plants; primary producers are phytoplankton

36
Q

zooplankton

A

drifting heterotrophs that graze the plankton

37
Q

intertidal zones

A

periodically submerged and exposed by the tides; sandy zones and rocky zones

38
Q

sandy zones

A

support sea grass and algae; worms, clams, crustaceans bury themselves in sand

39
Q

rocky zones

A

support attached marine algae

40
Q

coral reefs

A

formed from the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals (cnidarians); corals form mutualisms with symbiotic algae that provide them with organic molecules; high diversity of fish

41
Q

oceanic pelagic zone

A

neither close to shore or the bottom; covers 70% Earth’s surface; phytoplankton and zooplankton; squids, fish, sea turtles

42
Q

marine benthic zone

A

seafloor; seaweeds (algae); organism in abyssal zone are adapted to cold and high water pressure; producers are chemoautotrophic prokaryotes; heterotrophs include giant tube worms, anthropods

43
Q

dispersal

A

movement of individuals away from their area of origin

44
Q

abiotic factors affecting distribution of organisms

A
  1. temperature
  2. water and oxygen
  3. salinity
  4. sunlight
  5. rocks and soil
45
Q

biotic factors affecting distribution of organisms

A
  1. predation
  2. herbivory
  3. mutualism
  4. parasitism
  5. competition
46
Q

population ecology explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence _____________

A

density, distribution, size of populations

47
Q

density

A

number of individuals per unit area or volume; additions occur through birth and immigration

48
Q

dispersion

A

pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population

49
Q

clumped dispersion

A

individuals aggregate in patches

50
Q

uniform dispersion

A

individuals are evenly distributed

51
Q

territoriality

A

defense of bounded space against others

52
Q

random dispersion

A

position of each individual is independent of other individuals; occurs in absence of strong attractions or repulsion

53
Q

life table

A

age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population; best made by following the fate of a cohort from birth to death

54
Q

cohort

A

group of individuals of the same age

55
Q

survivorship curve

A

graphic way of representing data in a life table; plot the proportion or numbers of a cohort still alive at each age

56
Q

Type I

A

low death rates during early and middle life and increase in death rates among older age

57
Q

Type II

A

constant death rate a the organisms life span

58
Q

Type III

A

high death rates for the young and a lower death rate for survivors

59
Q

trade-offs

A

organisms have finite resources leading to trade-offs between survival and reproduction; selective pressures influence trade-off between number and size of offspring

60
Q

exponential population growth

A

population increase under idealized conditions

61
Q

J-shaped curve

A

exponential; characterizes populations in new environments or rebounding populations; ex. elephants in South Africa after hunting was banned

62
Q

carrying capacity

A

maximum population size the environment can support; a more realistic population model limits growth by incorporating carrying capacity; exponential growth cannot be sustained for long

63
Q

logistic population growth model

A

per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reached; S-shaped curve

64
Q

density dependent birth and death rates

A

negative feedback that regulates population growth; affected by competition, territoriality, disease, predation, toxic wastes

65
Q

predation may increase with ____________ due to predator preference for abundant prey species

A

population size

BIOL 191 (5 decks)

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