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BIOL 191 > Ch 37: Neurons, Synapses, Signaling > Flashcards

Ch 37: Neurons, Synapses, Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells that transfer information

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2
Q

most of a neuron’s organelles are in the ________

A

cell body

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3
Q

dendrites

A

highly branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons

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4
Q

axon

A

longer than dendrites; transmits signals to other cells

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5
Q

synapse

A

junction where branched ends of axons transmits signals to other cells

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6
Q

neurotransmitters

A

at synapse; chemical messenger that passes information from transmitting neuron to receiving cell

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7
Q

glial cells

A

supporting cells required by neurons of vertebrates and most invertebrates

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8
Q

3 stages of nervous system processing information

A

sensory input, integration, output

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9
Q

sensory neurons

A

transmit information from sensors that detect external and internal stimuli

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10
Q

interneurons

A

integrate the information sent to the brain and connect neurons; neither sensory or nor motor

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11
Q

neurons that extend out of the processing centers

A

can tigger muscles or gland activity ex. motor neurons

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12
Q

motor neurons

A

transmit signals to muscle cells

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13
Q

central nervous systems CNS

A

neurons that carry out integration are organized in CNS

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14
Q

peripheral nervous system PNS

A

neurons that carry info in and out of the CNS

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15
Q

nerves

A

PNS neurons bundled together

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16
Q

membrane potential

A

potential energy; inside of cell is negative relative to outside

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17
Q

resting potential

A

membrane potential of a neuron not sending signals

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18
Q

signals

A

changes in membrane potential; transmitting and processing info

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19
Q

where is the concentration of K+ highest?

A

inside the cell

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20
Q

where is the concentration of Na+ highest?

A

outside the cell

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21
Q

sodium-potassium pumps

A

use the energy of ATP to maintain K+ and Na+ gradients across the plasma membrane

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22
Q

ion channels are selectively permeable

A

allowing only certain ions to pass through

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23
Q

a resting neuron has many open potassium channels

A

allowing K+ to flow out

24
Q

major source of membrane potential

A

resting buildup of negative charge within the neuron

25
Q

gated ion channels

A

open or close in response to stimuli; in neurons; causing changes in membrane potential

26
Q

depolarization

A

triggered by opening gated ion channels; reduction in magnitude of the membrane potential; ex. gated Na+ channels open and Na+ diffuses into the cell

27
Q

action potential

A

depolarization shifts the membrane potential sufficiently, resulting in massive change in membrane voltage

28
Q

threshold

A

particular value that depolarization increases the membrane potential to causing action potential

29
Q

T or F: there are big and small action potentials

A

F: action potentials are all or none

30
Q

Stages of action potential

A
  1. resting potential
  2. stimulus depolarizes the membrane
  3. rising phase
  4. falling phase
  5. undershoot
  6. refractory period
31
Q

stage 1 of action potential

A

At Resting Potential:
most voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels and potassium (K+) channels are closed

32
Q

stage 2 of action potential

A

when stimulus depolarizes the membrane,
some gated Na+ channels open first and Na+ flows INTO the cell

33
Q

stage 3 of action potential

A

Rising Phase:
the threshold is crossed, and the membrane potential increases as all gates Na+ channels are open

34
Q

stage 4 of action potential

A

Falling Phase:
voltage-gated Na+ channels become inactivated ; voltage-gated K+ channels open and K+ flows OUT of the cell

35
Q

stage 5 of action potential

A

Undershoot:
membrane permeability to K+ is at first higher than at rest, then voltage-gated K+ channels close and resting potential is restored

36
Q

stage 6 of action potential (not really a stage, after action potential)

A

Refractory Period:
result of temporary inactivation of Na+ channels; the interval between the start of an action potential and the end of the refractory period is only 1-2 msec

37
Q

T or F: after an action potential, a second action potential can be created

A

F: after an action potential, a second action potential canNOT be created

38
Q

action potentials travel only toward _________

A

synaptic terminals

39
Q

inactivated Na+ channels behind the zone of depolarization prevent the action potential from ______________

A

traveling backward

40
Q

consequence of the refractory period

A

action potentials can only move in one direction

41
Q

the speed of an action potential increases with ______________

A

the axon’s diameter

42
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulate axons in vertebrates; enables fast conduction of action potentials; produced by glia: oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS

43
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

glia in the CNS that produces myelin sheath

44
Q

Schwann cell

A

glia in PNS that produces myelin sheath

45
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath where voltage-gates Na+ channels are found; where action potentials are formed

46
Q

saltatory conduction

A

process when action potentials in myelinated axons jump between the nodes of Ranvier

47
Q

chemical synapses

A

chemical neurotransmitter carries information from the presynaptic neuron to the post synaptic cell

48
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

synthesizes and packages the neurotransmitter in synaptic vesicles located in the synaptic terminal

49
Q

neurons communicate with other cells at ____________

A

synapses

50
Q

the arrival of the action potential causes __________

A

the release of the neurotransmitter

51
Q

the neurotransmitter diffuses across the __________ and is received by the postsynaptic cell

A

synaptic cleft

52
Q

the neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and is received by the ______________

A

postsynaptic cell

53
Q

stages of chemical neurotransmitter carrying info

A
  1. presynaptic neuron synthesizes and packages neurotransmitter in synaptic vesicles located at synaptic terminal
  2. arrival of action potential causes the release of the neurotransmitter
  3. neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and is received by the postsynaptic cell
54
Q

many synaptic transmissions involve binding of neurotransmitters to _________________________ in the postsynaptic cell

A

ligand-gated ion channels

55
Q

postsynaptic potential

A

generated when neurotransmitter binds to ligand-gated ion channels causes ion channels to open
example of neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine

BIOL 191 (5 decks)

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