Ch 36: Reproduction & Development

Question 1

sexual reproduction

Answer 1

creation of offspring by fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and female (gamete (egg) to form a zygote

Question 2

asexual reproduction

Answer 2

creation of offspring without the fusion of egg and sperm

Question 3

budding

Answer 3

offspring arise from outgrowths

Question 4

fission

Answer 4

separation of a parent organism into individuals of approximately equal size

Question 5

fragmentation

Answer 5

breaking of the body into pieces, some or all of which develop into adults

Question 6

parthenogenesis

Answer 6

development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg

Question 7

asexual reproductions results in ____________

Answer 7

clonal offspring

Question 8

clonal offspring

Answer 8

parents well suited to a stable environment will produce offspring that are well-suited

Question 9

sexual reproduction results in ______________

Answer 9

genetic recombination

Question 10

meiosis produces __________

Answer 10

gametes

Question 11

testes

Answer 11

male gonads; produce sperm in highly coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules

Question 12

seminiferous tubules

Answer 12

the highly coiled tubes that testes produce sperm in

Question 13

scrotum

Answer 13

fold of the body wall; maintains testis temperature at about 2°C below the core body temperature

Question 14

T or F? Production of normal sperm can occur at body temp of most mammals

Answer 14

F: Production of normal sperm cannot occur at body temp of most mammals; scrotum maintains testis temp below 2°C below core body temp

Question 15

epididymis

Answer 15

coiled duct that sperm passes into from seminiferous tubules

Question 16

testes produce sperm in __________

Answer 16

seminiferous tubules

Question 17

from the seminiferous tubules of testis, sperm passes into coiled duct of __________

Answer 17

epididymis

Question 18

human male reproductive anatomy: sperm journey in order

Answer 18

testes produce sperm > seminiferous tubules > epididymis

Question 19

what is the human penis composed of?

Answer 19

spongy erectile tissue

Question 20

what happens to the penis during sexual arousal?

Answer 20

erectile tissue fills with blood from the arteries, causing an erection

Question 21

erection

Answer 21

erectile tissue fills with blood from arteries during sexual arousal

Question 22

ejaculation

Answer 22

sperm are propelled through the muscular vas deferens and the ejaculatory duct then exit the penis through the urethra

Question 23

semen

Answer 23

composed of sperm plus secretions from 3 accessory glands: seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral

Question 24

seminal vesicles

Answer 24

alkaline secretions contain mucus, fructose, etc.

Question 25

prostate gland

Answer 25

secretes additional sperm nutrients

Question 26

bulbourethral glands

Answer 26

secretions neutralize acidic urine remaining in the urethra

Question 27

ovaries

Answer 27

female gonads; lie in the abdominal cavity; contains many follicles

Question 28

follicles

Answer 28

consist of a partially developed egg called an oocyte surrounded by support cells

Question 29

oocyte

Answer 29

partially developed egg in the follicles

Question 30

human females release eggs vs. human males sperm production

Answer 30

in menstrual cycles vs. continous

Question 31

ovulation

Answer 31

mature egg cell is released

Question 32

oviduct

Answer 32

mature egg travels from ovary to uterus via oviduct; fertilization occurs here if sperm is present

Question 33

endometrium

Answer 33

uterine lining

Question 34

pregnancy

Answer 34

implantation of embryo in endometrium

Question 35

when is uterine lining (endometrium) shed?

Answer 35

if pregnancy does not occur

Question 36

cervix

Answer 36

neck of the uterus; opens into the vagina

Question 37

vagina

Answer 37

muscular but elastic chamber that is the repository for sperm during copulation and serves as the birth canal

Question 38

vulva

Answer 38

vagina open to the outside at the vulva; consist of labia majora, labia minora, clitoris

Question 39

clitoris

Answer 39

contains erectile tissue and is homologous to male penis

Question 40

mammary glands

Answer 40

not part of the reproductive system per se; small sacs of epithelial tissue in glands secrete milk; feeding of offspring increases survivability

Question 41

common stages of embryonic development in animal species

Answer 41

fertilization > cleavage stage > blastula > gastrula

Question 42

fertilization

Answer 42

forms a zygote

Question 43

cleavage stage

Answer 43

series of mitoses divide zygote into a many-celled embryo; period of rapid cell division without growth

Question 44

blastula

Answer 44

hollow ball of cells with a fluid filled cavity called blastocoel

Question 45

blastocoel

Answer 45

fluid filled cavity in blastula

Question 46

gastrulation

Answer 46

set of cells at or near the surface of the blastula moves to an interior location; primitive digestive chamber forms

Question 47

blastopore

Answer 47

opening for primitive digestive chamber

Question 48

gastrula

Answer 48

2 or 3 layered embryo that hollow blastula is reorganized into

Question 49

germ layers

Answer 49

cell layers produced by gastrulation

Question 50

ectoderm

Answer 50

forms the outer layer of germ layers

Question 51

endoderm

Answer 51

forms the inner layer of germ layers

Question 52

mesoderm

Answer 52

3rd layer formed between ectoderm and endoderm in vertebrates and other animals with bilateral symmetry

Question 53

diploblastic animals

Answer 53

have 2 germ layers

Question 54

triploblastic animals

Answer 54

have 3 germ layers

Question 55

protostomes

Answer 55

mouth develops at the first opening that forms in embryo

Question 56

deuterostomes

Answer 56

mouth develops at the second opening that forms in embryo; blastopore becomes anus; ex. sea urchins, echinoderms, chordates

Question 57

conception

Answer 57

fertilization of an egg by sperm; occurs in oviduct; few days later, embryo implants into endometrium of uterus

Question 58

gestation

Answer 58

pregnancy; condition of carrying one or more embryos in the uterus

Question 59

labor

Answer 59

childbirth begins with labor; uterine contractions that push the fetus out of the body

Question 60

contraception

Answer 60

deliberate prevention of pregnancy

Question 61

3 categories of contraceptive methods

Answer 61

1. preventing development or release of eggs and sperm 2. keeping sperm and egg apart 3. preventing implantation of an embryo