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BIOL 191 > Ch 36: Reproduction & Development > Flashcards

Ch 36: Reproduction & Development Flashcards

1
Q

sexual reproduction

A

creation of offspring by fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and female (gamete (egg) to form a zygote

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2
Q

asexual reproduction

A

creation of offspring without the fusion of egg and sperm

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3
Q

budding

A

offspring arise from outgrowths

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4
Q

fission

A

separation of a parent organism into individuals of approximately equal size

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5
Q

fragmentation

A

breaking of the body into pieces, some or all of which develop into adults

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6
Q

parthenogenesis

A

development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg

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7
Q

asexual reproductions results in ____________

A

clonal offspring

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8
Q

clonal offspring

A

parents well suited to a stable environment will produce offspring that are well-suited

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9
Q

sexual reproduction results in ______________

A

genetic recombination

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10
Q

meiosis produces __________

A

gametes

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11
Q

testes

A

male gonads; produce sperm in highly coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules

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12
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

the highly coiled tubes that testes produce sperm in

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13
Q

scrotum

A

fold of the body wall; maintains testis temperature at about 2°C below the core body temperature

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14
Q

T or F? Production of normal sperm can occur at body temp of most mammals

A

F: Production of normal sperm cannot occur at body temp of most mammals; scrotum maintains testis temp below 2°C below core body temp

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15
Q

epididymis

A

coiled duct that sperm passes into from seminiferous tubules

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16
Q

testes produce sperm in __________

A

seminiferous tubules

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17
Q

from the seminiferous tubules of testis, sperm passes into coiled duct of __________

A

epididymis

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18
Q

human male reproductive anatomy: sperm journey in order

A

testes produce sperm > seminiferous tubules > epididymis

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19
Q

what is the human penis composed of?

A

spongy erectile tissue

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20
Q

what happens to the penis during sexual arousal?

A

erectile tissue fills with blood from the arteries, causing an erection

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21
Q

erection

A

erectile tissue fills with blood from arteries during sexual arousal

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22
Q

ejaculation

A

sperm are propelled through the muscular vas deferens and the ejaculatory duct then exit the penis through the urethra

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23
Q

semen

A

composed of sperm plus secretions from 3 accessory glands: seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral

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24
Q

seminal vesicles

A

alkaline secretions contain mucus, fructose, etc.

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25
Q

prostate gland

A

secretes additional sperm nutrients

26
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

secretions neutralize acidic urine remaining in the urethra

27
Q

ovaries

A

female gonads; lie in the abdominal cavity; contains many follicles

28
Q

follicles

A

consist of a partially developed egg called an oocyte surrounded by support cells

29
Q

oocyte

A

partially developed egg in the follicles

30
Q

human females release eggs vs. human males sperm production

A

in menstrual cycles vs. continous

31
Q

ovulation

A

mature egg cell is released

32
Q

oviduct

A

mature egg travels from ovary to uterus via oviduct; fertilization occurs here if sperm is present

33
Q

endometrium

A

uterine lining

34
Q

pregnancy

A

implantation of embryo in endometrium

35
Q

when is uterine lining (endometrium) shed?

A

if pregnancy does not occur

36
Q

cervix

A

neck of the uterus; opens into the vagina

37
Q

vagina

A

muscular but elastic chamber that is the repository for sperm during copulation and serves as the birth canal

38
Q

vulva

A

vagina open to the outside at the vulva; consist of labia majora, labia minora, clitoris

39
Q

clitoris

A

contains erectile tissue and is homologous to male penis

40
Q

mammary glands

A

not part of the reproductive system per se; small sacs of epithelial tissue in glands secrete milk; feeding of offspring increases survivability

41
Q

common stages of embryonic development in animal species

A

fertilization > cleavage stage > blastula > gastrula

42
Q

fertilization

A

forms a zygote

43
Q

cleavage stage

A

series of mitoses divide zygote into a many-celled embryo; period of rapid cell division without growth

44
Q

blastula

A

hollow ball of cells with a fluid filled cavity called blastocoel

45
Q

blastocoel

A

fluid filled cavity in blastula

46
Q

gastrulation

A

set of cells at or near the surface of the blastula moves to an interior location; primitive digestive chamber forms

47
Q

blastopore

A

opening for primitive digestive chamber

48
Q

gastrula

A

2 or 3 layered embryo that hollow blastula is reorganized into

49
Q

germ layers

A

cell layers produced by gastrulation

50
Q

ectoderm

A

forms the outer layer of germ layers

51
Q

endoderm

A

forms the inner layer of germ layers

52
Q

mesoderm

A

3rd layer formed between ectoderm and endoderm in vertebrates and other animals with bilateral symmetry

53
Q

diploblastic animals

A

have 2 germ layers

54
Q

triploblastic animals

A

have 3 germ layers

55
Q

protostomes

A

mouth develops at the first opening that forms in embryo

56
Q

deuterostomes

A

mouth develops at the second opening that forms in embryo; blastopore becomes anus; ex. sea urchins, echinoderms, chordates

57
Q

conception

A

fertilization of an egg by sperm; occurs in oviduct; few days later, embryo implants into endometrium of uterus

58
Q

gestation

A

pregnancy; condition of carrying one or more embryos in the uterus

59
Q

labor

A

childbirth begins with labor; uterine contractions that push the fetus out of the body

60
Q

contraception

A

deliberate prevention of pregnancy

61
Q

3 categories of contraceptive methods

A
  1. preventing development or release of eggs and sperm
  2. keeping sperm and egg apart
  3. preventing implantation of an embryo

BIOL 191 (5 decks)

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