Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIOL 191 > Ch 38: Nervous and Sensory Systems > Flashcards

Ch 38: Nervous and Sensory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

what are the simplest animals with nervous systems?

A

cnidarians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

nerve net

A

formed by interconnected nerve cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

nerves

A

axons of multiple nerve cells are often bundled together to form nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ganglia

A

nerve cell clusters; group of nerve cell bodies to provide intermediary connections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cephalization

A

evolutionary trend toward a clustering of sensory structures at the anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

central nervous system CNS

A

(in vertebrates) brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

peripheral nervous system PNS (components)

A

nerves and ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what species has the simples clearly defines CNS?

A

nonsegmented worms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

spinal cord

A

runs lengthwise inside the vertebral column (spine); conveys information to and from the brain; can act independently of the brain as part of simple nerve circuits that produce reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

reflexes

A

body’s automatic response to certain stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

gray matter

A

in brain and spinal cord; consists mainly of neuron cell bodies and glia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

white matter

A

in brain and spinal cord; consists of bundles of myelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

supplies CNS with nutrients and hormones and carries away wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

PNS job

A

transmits information to and from the CNS and regulates movement and the internal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

afferent neurons

A

in the PNS; transmit info TO the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

efferent neurons

A

in the PNS; transmit info AWAY from the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

two efferent components

A

motor system and autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

motor system

A

efferent component; carries signals to skeletal muscles; can be voluntary or involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

efferent component; regulates smooth and cardiac muscles and is generally involuntary; has sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

sympathetic division

A

regulates “fight-or-flight” response; increased heart and respiration rate, digestion slows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

parasympathetic division

A

generates opposite responses in target organs and promotes calming and a return to “rest and digest” functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

enteric division

A

controls activity of the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

much brain activity begins with __________

A

sensory input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

sensory receptor

A

transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous system; detects a stimulus and action potentials are sent to CNS to be decoded resulting in a sensation

25
sensory receptors to sensation process
sensory receptor detects a stimulus > action potentials are sent to CNS > information is decoded > sensation
26
4 stages of sensory pathway
1. reception 2. transduction 3. transmission 4. perception
27
1. sensory reception
detection of stimuli by sensory receptors
28
2. sensory transduction
conversion of stimulus energy into a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor
29
3. sensory transmission
occurs as nerve impulses or action potentials are conveyed; sensory signals can vary in the rate of action potentials in a single neuron, or the number of neurons stimulated simultaneously
30
4. perception
brain's construction of stimuli; action potentials from sensory receptors travel along neurons that are dedicated to a particular stimulus
31
5 categories of sensory receptors
1. mechanoreceptors 2. electromagnetic receptors 3. thermoreceptors 4. pain receptors 5. chemoreceptors
32
mechanoreceptors
sense physical deformation caused by stimuli such as pressure, touch, stretch, motion, sound; animals use it to get a feel for their environment; ex. cats whiskers
33
electromagnetic receptors
detect electromagnetic energy such as light, electricity, and magnetism; ex. snakes have infrared receptors to detect body heat
34
thermoreceptors
detect heat and cold; ex. humans have thermoreceptors in the skin and hypothalamus set body's thermostat
35
pain receptors
detect stimuli that reflect conditions that could damage animal tissues; ex. triggers defensive reaction
36
chemoreceptors
transmit information about the total solute concentration of a solution; specific chemoreceptors respond to individual kinds of molecules; olfaction and gustation depend on chemoreceptors
37
olfaction
smell; detection of odorants carried in the air
38
gustation
taste; detection of tastants present in solution
39
taste buds
taste receptors are organized into taste buds, mostly found in projections called papillae
40
how is sound perceived in the brain?
vibrating objects create pressure waves in the air > transduced by the ear into nerve impulses
41
tympanic membrane
vibrates in response to vibrations in air
42
3 bones of middle ear transmit the vibrations of moving air to the ________________
oval window on the cochlea
43
pressure waves through the fluid in the cochlea cause __________ to vibrate
hair cells
44
bending of hair cells
causes ion channels in the hair cells to open or close, resulting in a change in auditory nerve sensations that the brain interprets as sound
45
volume
amplitude of sound wave
46
pitch
frequency of sound wave
47
utricle and saccule
organ of inner ear; contain granules called otoliths (statoliths) that allow us to perceive position relative to gravity or linear movement
48
3 semicircular canals
contain fluid and can detect angular movement in any direction
49
eye
organ of vision
50
outer cornea
light enters the eye through the outer cornea
51
iris
amount of light is regulated by pigmented iris; iris opening: light passes through the pupil
52
lens
allow for focus of light
53
ciliary muscles
change shape of lens
54
retina
innermost lining of eye; lights hits the retina; dense with neurons and photoreceptors
55
2 kinds of photoreceptors
rods and cones
56
rods
more sensitive to presence of light; ex. night vision; do not distinguish color
57
cones
produce color vision; 3 types: red, green, blue (RBG); intermediate colors result from partial stimulation of 1 or ore types
58
pigments
in rods and cones; absorb visible light energy; molecule changes shape- toggles between active and inactive forms; activation triggers neuron impulse
59
optic nerve
carries visual information to the brain

BIOL 191 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions