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BIOL 191 > Ch 38: Nervous and Sensory Systems > Flashcards

Ch 38: Nervous and Sensory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

what are the simplest animals with nervous systems?

A

cnidarians

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2
Q

nerve net

A

formed by interconnected nerve cells

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3
Q

nerves

A

axons of multiple nerve cells are often bundled together to form nerves

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4
Q

ganglia

A

nerve cell clusters; group of nerve cell bodies to provide intermediary connections

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5
Q

cephalization

A

evolutionary trend toward a clustering of sensory structures at the anterior

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6
Q

central nervous system CNS

A

(in vertebrates) brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

peripheral nervous system PNS (components)

A

nerves and ganglia

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8
Q

what species has the simples clearly defines CNS?

A

nonsegmented worms

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9
Q

spinal cord

A

runs lengthwise inside the vertebral column (spine); conveys information to and from the brain; can act independently of the brain as part of simple nerve circuits that produce reflexes

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10
Q

reflexes

A

body’s automatic response to certain stimuli

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11
Q

gray matter

A

in brain and spinal cord; consists mainly of neuron cell bodies and glia

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12
Q

white matter

A

in brain and spinal cord; consists of bundles of myelinated axons

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13
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

supplies CNS with nutrients and hormones and carries away wastes

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14
Q

PNS job

A

transmits information to and from the CNS and regulates movement and the internal environment

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15
Q

afferent neurons

A

in the PNS; transmit info TO the CNS

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16
Q

efferent neurons

A

in the PNS; transmit info AWAY from the CNS

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17
Q

two efferent components

A

motor system and autonomic nervous system

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18
Q

motor system

A

efferent component; carries signals to skeletal muscles; can be voluntary or involuntary

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19
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

efferent component; regulates smooth and cardiac muscles and is generally involuntary; has sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions

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20
Q

sympathetic division

A

regulates “fight-or-flight” response; increased heart and respiration rate, digestion slows

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21
Q

parasympathetic division

A

generates opposite responses in target organs and promotes calming and a return to “rest and digest” functions

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22
Q

enteric division

A

controls activity of the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder

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23
Q

much brain activity begins with __________

A

sensory input

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24
Q

sensory receptor

A

transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous system; detects a stimulus and action potentials are sent to CNS to be decoded resulting in a sensation

25
Q

sensory receptors to sensation process

A

sensory receptor detects a stimulus > action potentials are sent to CNS > information is decoded > sensation

26
Q

4 stages of sensory pathway

A
  1. reception
  2. transduction
  3. transmission
  4. perception
27
Q
  1. sensory reception
A

detection of stimuli by sensory receptors

28
Q
  1. sensory transduction
A

conversion of stimulus energy into a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor

29
Q
  1. sensory transmission
A

occurs as nerve impulses or action potentials are conveyed; sensory signals can vary in the rate of action potentials in a single neuron, or the number of neurons stimulated simultaneously

30
Q
  1. perception
A

brain’s construction of stimuli; action potentials from sensory receptors travel along neurons that are dedicated to a particular stimulus

31
Q

5 categories of sensory receptors

A
  1. mechanoreceptors
  2. electromagnetic receptors
  3. thermoreceptors
  4. pain receptors
  5. chemoreceptors
32
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

sense physical deformation caused by stimuli such as pressure, touch, stretch, motion, sound; animals use it to get a feel for their environment; ex. cats whiskers

33
Q

electromagnetic receptors

A

detect electromagnetic energy such as light, electricity, and magnetism; ex. snakes have infrared receptors to detect body heat

34
Q

thermoreceptors

A

detect heat and cold; ex. humans have thermoreceptors in the skin and hypothalamus set body’s thermostat

35
Q

pain receptors

A

detect stimuli that reflect conditions that could damage animal tissues; ex. triggers defensive reaction

36
Q

chemoreceptors

A

transmit information about the total solute concentration of a solution; specific chemoreceptors respond to individual kinds of molecules; olfaction and gustation depend on chemoreceptors

37
Q

olfaction

A

smell; detection of odorants carried in the air

38
Q

gustation

A

taste; detection of tastants present in solution

39
Q

taste buds

A

taste receptors are organized into taste buds, mostly found in projections called papillae

40
Q

how is sound perceived in the brain?

A

vibrating objects create pressure waves in the air > transduced by the ear into nerve impulses

41
Q

tympanic membrane

A

vibrates in response to vibrations in air

42
Q

3 bones of middle ear transmit the vibrations of moving air to the ________________

A

oval window on the cochlea

43
Q

pressure waves through the fluid in the cochlea cause __________ to vibrate

A

hair cells

44
Q

bending of hair cells

A

causes ion channels in the hair cells to open or close, resulting in a change in auditory nerve sensations that the brain interprets as sound

45
Q

volume

A

amplitude of sound wave

46
Q

pitch

A

frequency of sound wave

47
Q

utricle and saccule

A

organ of inner ear; contain granules called otoliths (statoliths) that allow us to perceive position relative to gravity or linear movement

48
Q

3 semicircular canals

A

contain fluid and can detect angular movement in any direction

49
Q

eye

A

organ of vision

50
Q

outer cornea

A

light enters the eye through the outer cornea

51
Q

iris

A

amount of light is regulated by pigmented iris; iris opening: light passes through the pupil

52
Q

lens

A

allow for focus of light

53
Q

ciliary muscles

A

change shape of lens

54
Q

retina

A

innermost lining of eye; lights hits the retina; dense with neurons and photoreceptors

55
Q

2 kinds of photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

56
Q

rods

A

more sensitive to presence of light; ex. night vision; do not distinguish color

57
Q

cones

A

produce color vision; 3 types: red, green, blue (RBG); intermediate colors result from partial stimulation of 1 or ore types

58
Q

pigments

A

in rods and cones; absorb visible light energy; molecule changes shape- toggles between active and inactive forms; activation triggers neuron impulse

59
Q

optic nerve

A

carries visual information to the brain

BIOL 191 (5 decks)

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