Ch 40, 41, & 26 Flashcards
What are the structures of the lower respiratory track
Trachea, bronchial tubes, and lungs
What is the blood test used to help diagnonose tuberculosis
TB blood test, QuantiFERON-TB
Which medications are used to treat allergic rhinitis
Gold Plus, QFT-Plus, T0SPOT.TB
Simply describe the process of ventilation
Breathing, movement of gases between the lungs and the environment. Includes the process of inspiration (inhale) and expiration (exhale)
What are the signs of asthma
Shortness of breath, chest tightness or pain, coughing or wheezing attacks, and early morning or nighttime cough.
Which microorganisms can cause a serious inflammation of the lugs
Pneumonia
Bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae; haemophilis influenzae; legionella pneumophilia; mycoplasma pneumoniae; chamydia pneumoniae; chamydia psittaci
Virus: influenza virus; respiratory syncytal virus (RSV)
Fungi: Pneumocytis jirovecii
What are the signs and symptoms of sleep apnea
Loud snoring, breathing cessation during sleep, dry mouth, sore throat, morning headache, difficulty staying asleep, excessive daytime sleepiness, irritability, and attention problems
What structure protects the opening into the larynx
The epiglottis
What is the correct patient position for conducting a spirometry test
seated upright with feet flat on the floor, legs uncrossed, and chin slightly elevated, ensuring a relaxed but straight posture for accurate lung function measurements
What is a polysomnography
also known as a sleep study, is a comprehensive examination that monitors various physiological parameters during sleep to diagnose and manage sleep disorders
What respiratory action is initiated by a signal of the medula oblongata
inspiration (inhalation)
Where does the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the lung tissue and the bloodstream occurs
In the alveoli
What is the most common cause of viral pneumonia
Influenza virus
What is the third leading cause of death in the US
Heart disease
What is the best way to describe the “green zone” of a traditional peak flow metter
Doing well, no asthma symptoms; peak flow is more than 80% of normal peak flow; continue to take long-term control medications
What is the purpose of the peek flow Metter and what are the steps for patients use
Measures the amount of air exhale
stand up straight, take a deep breath, place the mouthpiece in your mouth with a tight seal, and blow out as hard and fast as possible, then record the reading and repeat three times, noting the highest reading
What are typical symptoms of allergic rhinitis
Itchy nose, mouth eyes and throat; problems smelling and runny nose; sneezing and watery eyes
Which location of sinusitis is typically associated with pain and discomfort in the upper jaw and teeth
Maxillary sinusitis, the inflammation of the maxillary sinuses located in the cheekbones above the upper teeth
What are the signs and symptoms of shock and what emergency procedures would an MA perform
Symptoms: Weak, rapid pulse and rapid, shallow respiration; changes in the level of consciousness: confusion, lack of alertness, loss of consciousness; dizziness, lightheaded, or faintness; sweaty, pale skin, cool hands and feet, bluish lips and fingernails; reduced or no urine output
immediately call for help, ensure the patient is lying down with legs elevated, loosen tight clothing, monitor vital signs, and be prepared to perform CPR or compression-only CPR if the patient becomes unresponsive
Which disease is easily masked by symptoms regularly displayed by habitual smokers
Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease COPD
Which chambers receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
Left atrium
What is another name for heart attack and what abbreviation is used
Congestive Heart Failure CHF
Myocardial Infarction MI
Which blood vessels carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart
Veins (pulmonary)
Which drug is used to treat CHF
Diuretics, anti-hypertensives, and digoxin
Angiotension II receptor blockers (ARBs), Angiotension-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibirots, Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs), and Alpha-Blockers
Anti-hypertensives
Beat-Blockers: Propranolol (Inderal XL, InniPran XL), Atenolol (Tenormin)
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibirots: Quinapril (Accupril), Benaepril (Lotendin), Lidinopril, Metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL), Carvedilol (Coreg)
Agiotensin II Receptor Antagonists: Iosartan (Cozaar), Valsartan (Diovan, Prexxartan)
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs): Diltiazem (Cardizem, Cardia XT, Dilacor RX, Tiazac), Amlodipine (Katerzia, Norvasc)
Alpha-Blockers: Doxazosin (Cardura)
Diuretics
Triamterene (Dyrenium), Furosemide (Lasix), Hydrichlorothuazude (Microzide, Oretic)
The sensitive tissue in the right atrium wall that initiates the heartbeat
Sinoatrial (SA) node
AKA pacemaker of the heart
The signal from the AV node is pick up by
the bundle of His or atrioventricular AV bundle
What medication is an example of a calcium channel blocker
Diltiazem (Cardizem, Cardia XT, Dilacor RX, Tiazac)
Amlodipine (Katerzia, Norvasc)
What are some +lifestyle changes recommended for patients who have had a MI
Stop smoking and drinking alcohol, exercise, loose weight, and reduce stress, reduce or control high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and diabetes
What are the recommended LDL levels for patient not at risk and levels for those who are at high risk
LDL >100 mg/dL = Optimal
LDL 100-129 = Near or above optimal
LDL 130-159 = Borderline high
LDL 160-189 = High
LDL 190+ = Very high
What are the parts of the normal cardiac cycle
AKA heartbeat is divided into diastole phase, the heart is at rest and the atria fill with blood; and systole phase, the heart is contracting
Why do thrombi form in the coronary arteries
The cause of atherosclerosis is unknown, Risk factors include smoking, and unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity, high blood pressure, unhealthy cholesterol levels and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
Coronary heart disease (CHD) or coronary artery disease (CAD) plaque builds up in the tiny coronary arteries, damaging the vessel walls
What is the only artery that contains deoxygenated blood
The pulmonary artery
What is the function of a Doppler study
Provides information on the blood flow in the arms and legs. It helps diagnose arteriosclerosis, arterial occlusion (from blood clots), peripheral artery disease, aneurysms, arterial stenosis, and venous insufficiency
What is tachycardia
A rapid but regular heart rate; one that exceeds 100 beats per minute
What is bradycardia
A slow heart rate; a pulse below 60 beats per minute
What is the target BP for patients with diabetes or chronic kidney disease
Less than 130/80 mmHg, but with a focus on achieving a systolic BP (SBP) below 120 mmHg if tolerated, and a diastolic BP below 80 mmHg
Which patient would have an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator as standard treatment
A patient with arrythmia
What is a common site for deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Deep veins in the legs
What is sclerotherapy
Involves an injection of a substance that closes the vein and within a few weeks the varicose vein should face
A provider may order a Doppler study for patients with ______ , ______, or _____
Blood clots, venous insufficiency, or peripheral artery disease,
What is the goal of angioplasty
To open narrow blood vessels by expanding a small balloon at the site, which widens the vessel; a stent (small metal coil) may be inserted to help keep the vessel open
What cardiac diagnostic tool requires the patient to exercise during the procedure
Exercise stress test (EST) or exercise electrocardiogram
Which procedure requires a cardiac patient to record o keep dairy of activities
Holter Monitor Diary
That is the purpose of heated stylus on an ECG
It draws the electrical activity of the heart onto heat-sensitive paper, creating a visual representation of the heart’s rhythm and function
On a ECG the baseline is rising and failing, what action should a MA take
Clean the skin, replace the electrode with a new one, make sure all electrodes and lead wires are firmly attache, and turn on the baseline filter
Between which electrodes does standard limb lead I, II and III measure the current that the heart muscle produces
Lead I: Right arm (RA) to left arm (LA)
Lead II: Right arm (RA) to left leg (LL)
Lead III: Left leg (LL) to left arm (LA)
What controls the rate of heart contraction
The autonomic nervous system (ANS)
What are the ECG preparation instruction for a female patient
The patient needs to remove all clothing above the waist and wear a gown that opens in front
Where are the leads V1, V4, and V5 placed
V1: chest fourth intercostal space (ICS) at the right sternal edge
V4: chest Fifth ICS on the midclavicular line
V5: Same horizontal plane as v4 at the left anterior axillary line or the midpoint between V4 and V6
What does an ICD do
Implanted Cardio Defibrillator shocks the heart into normal rhythm
What occurs during the diastolic and systolic cardiovascular cycles
Diastole phase: the heart is at rest and the atria fill with blood
Systole phase: the heart contracts
