Ch. 4: Where Does Stuttering End?

Question 1

Part-word repetitions:

Answer 1

a-ai; f-five; ba-baby

Stuttering like

Question 2

Single-syllable word repetitions:

Answer 2

but-but; and-and

Stuttering like

Question 3

Multiple-syllable word repetitions:

Answer 3

Because – because

typical

Question 4

Phrase repetitions:

Answer 4

I was - I was going; Once up - once upon

typical

Question 5

Prolonged sounds:

Answer 5

a»»ai like to go; S»»ometimes

Stuttering like

Question 6

Blocks & broken words:

Answer 6

C (silence)–ake; The ta (silence)–able

Stuttering like

Question 7

Tense pause:

Answer 7

I like to (silence)——go home (between words)

Stuttering like

Question 8

Interjections:

Answer 8

um; uh; er; hmmm

typical

Question 9

Revisions:

Answer 9

I like – I want this ball (same thought)

typical

Question 10

Incomplete utterance:

Answer 10

The baby – let’s do…(change in thought)

typical

Question 11

Major Disfluency Classes

Answer 11

Stuttering-Like Disfluency

Other Disfluency

Question 12

Stuttering-Like Disfluency

Answer 12

Part-wrod repetition
Single-Syllable word repetition
Disrhythmic phonation (Prolongations and blocks)

Question 13

Other Disfluency

Answer 13

Interjection
Multi-syllable word and phrase
Revision
Incomplete Utterance

Question 14

Why the term:Stuttering Like Disfluencies?

Answer 14

Two reasons:

1. SLD are much more typical and much more frequent in the speech of PWS
2. Listeners show a strong inclination to perceive these disfluencies as “stuttering.”

Question 15

Sound prolongations: Duration tends to increase with age in PWS

Answer 15

See Powerpoint

Question 16

Repetition units and age in PWS

Answer 16

Nonstuttering, preschool: 1.16 units
Stuttering, preschool: 1.53-1.70 units
Stuttering, school-age: 2.45 units

Repetition units tend to increase over time.

Question 17

Physical Concomitants

Answer 17

• Head jerks
• Head turns (side; down)
• Forehead tension
• Nostrils flaring/constricted
• Eyes closed; squinting
• Eyes widely open
• Facial contortions
• Lips pressured
• Jaw closed tightly
• Teeth grinding
• Jaw wide open
• Sideways jaw movement
• Tongue protrusion
• Throat tightened
• Body swaying
• Hand/ arm movements
• Irregular exhalation (blowing) during speech
• Irregular inhalations (gasping) in the midst of speaking

Question 18

Emotional Reactions Vary in Time Relative to the Stuttering Event

Answer 18

Prior to stuttering:fear, dread, anxiety, panic
During: blankness, being trapped, panic, frustration
After: shame, humiliation, anger, resentment

Question 19

Prevalence of disorders in PWS and in the general population

Answer 19

See Powerpoint

Question 20

Phenomena of Advanced Stuttering

Answer 20

Adaptation
Consistency
Adjacency
Expectancy

Question 21

Adaptation Effect

Answer 21

• Stuttering declines with each successive rereading of a passage
• Will become more fluent over time if they reread the same thing
• Doesn’t last over time
• Other conditions of adaptation:
• increased fluency with each successive restating of a word or phrase
• talking or reading words that are always changing (but far less adaptation)

Question 22

Adaptation Effect

Answer 22

Typically, 50% decline by the 5th reading
Greatest reduction the 2nd reading
Both frequency and severity decline
Improvement is only temporary
Not all clients show the effect

Question 23

Consistency Effect

Answer 23

stuttering tends to occur on words previously stuttered

Question 24

Adjacency Effect –

Answer 24

if words are removed, stuttering tends to occur on words near those previously stuttered

Question 25

Expectancy Effect –

Answer 25

stuttering tends to occur on words the speaker predicts will be stuttered

Question 26

Brown’s 4 Factors of Stuttering Loci

Answer 26

Adult stuttering events tend to occur on:
words beginning with consonants rather than vowels
long words rather than short ones
content words rather than function
sentence-initial (early) words rather than later words

Question 27

Conditions that Diminish Stuttering: Manner of talking

Answer 27

Singing
In rhythm (e.g., to a metronome beat)
In a monotone
Imitating a dialect
Whispering
Speaking slowly

Question 28

Conditions that Diminish Stuttering: Context of Talking

Answer 28

To an animal
To an infant
In unison 
With DAF
With masking noise
With response contingent stimuli