Ch. 4: Where Does Stuttering End? Flashcards
Part-word repetitions:
a-ai; f-five; ba-baby
Stuttering like
Single-syllable word repetitions:
but-but; and-and
Stuttering like
Multiple-syllable word repetitions:
Because – because
typical
Phrase repetitions:
I was - I was going; Once up - once upon
typical
Prolonged sounds:
a»»ai like to go; S»»ometimes
Stuttering like
Blocks & broken words:
C (silence)–ake; The ta (silence)–able
Stuttering like
Tense pause:
I like to (silence)——go home (between words)
Stuttering like
Interjections:
um; uh; er; hmmm
typical
Revisions:
I like – I want this ball (same thought)
typical
Incomplete utterance:
The baby – let’s do…(change in thought)
typical
Major Disfluency Classes
Stuttering-Like Disfluency
Other Disfluency
Stuttering-Like Disfluency
Part-wrod repetition
Single-Syllable word repetition
Disrhythmic phonation (Prolongations and blocks)
Other Disfluency
Interjection
Multi-syllable word and phrase
Revision
Incomplete Utterance
Why the term:Stuttering Like Disfluencies?
Two reasons:
- SLD are much more typical and much more frequent in the speech of PWS
- Listeners show a strong inclination to perceive these disfluencies as “stuttering.”
Sound prolongations: Duration tends to increase with age in PWS
See Powerpoint
Repetition units and age in PWS
Nonstuttering, preschool: 1.16 units
Stuttering, preschool: 1.53-1.70 units
Stuttering, school-age: 2.45 units
Repetition units tend to increase over time.
Physical Concomitants
- Head jerks
- Head turns (side; down)
- Forehead tension
- Nostrils flaring/constricted
- Eyes closed; squinting
- Eyes widely open
- Facial contortions
- Lips pressured
- Jaw closed tightly
- Teeth grinding
- Jaw wide open
- Sideways jaw movement
- Tongue protrusion
- Throat tightened
- Body swaying
- Hand/ arm movements
- Irregular exhalation (blowing) during speech
- Irregular inhalations (gasping) in the midst of speaking
Emotional Reactions Vary in Time Relative to the Stuttering Event
Prior to stuttering:fear, dread, anxiety, panic
During: blankness, being trapped, panic, frustration
After: shame, humiliation, anger, resentment
Prevalence of disorders in PWS and in the general population
See Powerpoint
Phenomena of Advanced Stuttering
Adaptation
Consistency
Adjacency
Expectancy
Adaptation Effect
- Stuttering declines with each successive rereading of a passage
- Will become more fluent over time if they reread the same thing
- Doesn’t last over time
- Other conditions of adaptation:
- increased fluency with each successive restating of a word or phrase
- talking or reading words that are always changing (but far less adaptation)
Adaptation Effect
Typically, 50% decline by the 5th reading Greatest reduction the 2nd reading Both frequency and severity decline Improvement is only temporary Not all clients show the effect
Consistency Effect
stuttering tends to occur on words previously stuttered
Adjacency Effect –
if words are removed, stuttering tends to occur on words near those previously stuttered
Expectancy Effect –
stuttering tends to occur on words the speaker predicts will be stuttered
Brown’s 4 Factors of Stuttering Loci
Adult stuttering events tend to occur on:
words beginning with consonants rather than vowels
long words rather than short ones
content words rather than function
sentence-initial (early) words rather than later words
Conditions that Diminish Stuttering: Manner of talking
Singing In rhythm (e.g., to a metronome beat) In a monotone Imitating a dialect Whispering Speaking slowly
Conditions that Diminish Stuttering: Context of Talking
To an animal To an infant In unison With DAF With masking noise With response contingent stimuli
