Ch. 3: When and How Does Stuttering Begin? How Does It Develop? Flashcards
Questions regarding stuttering onset
When does it happen?
Who is affected?
How does it happen?
What happens?
Age at onset
Range: 16 - 60 months
Mean: 33.40 months
for boys: 33.60
for girls: 32.95
Mean or Median* Age (months) at Onset
See Powerpoint
When–chart in powerpoint
When – 56% of onsets occur between 24 to 36 months of age; 84% from 18 to 42 months
What: Nature of onset period
Sudden (1-3 days): 40%
Intermediate (1-2 weeks): 33%
Gradual (>2 weeks): 27%
How: Manner of onset
The majority of onsets are sudden or intermediate, not gradual
See Powerpoint
What happens? Disfluencies near onset
Stuttering-Like Disfluencies (per 100 syllables)
Stuttering Children : 10.37
Normal Children: 1.33
What: Secondary Characteristics
- 52% of children exhibit at least one right at onset of stuttering:
- Facial contortions or grimacing
- Eye closing
- Head tilting
- Respiratory irregularities: deep gasps of breaths
- Others
-Also called accessory behaviors, concomitant behaviors, etc.
What: Stuttering severity at onset
-Mild: C=35%, P=45%
Mod: C=45%, P=27%
Severe: C=20%, P=28%
What: Reported stress at onset
Illness: 14% Emotional upset: 40% Behavioral stress: 36% Rapid lang. develop.: 40% Advanced language skills and internal drive to use it but not able to, theory about why they might stutter due to this factor. Word finding words: 43%
What: Child’s Awareness & Reactions. Assessed through:
- Parents’ reports
- Children’s response to clinician probing
- Puppet task: Child’s identification with fluent or non-fluent puppet
What: Awareness
Some children exhibit awareness of, and reactions to, their stuttering soon after onset. Studies with the puppet method have indicated sharp rise in awareness between ages 4 and 5.
Development of Stuttering
Natural recovery: most kids recover without treatment, 80%
Persistency: 20%
Recovery Data for Longitudinal Studies*
See Powerpoint
Long-term trends of stuttering (Weighted SLD) in a large N of Recovered, Persistent, and Control Children
See Powerpoint
Rates of Persistency/Natural Recovery
See Powerpoint
Persistence and Recovery: Gender
Persistent:
Males: 30%
Females: 18%
Recovered:
Males: 70%
Females: 82%
Male/Female Ratio:
Persistent: 3.67 m/f
Recovered: 1.89 m/f
(4 to 1 ratio m/f is looking at the people who did not recover)
Risk for persistency: Primary factors
- Family History: #1 risk factor
- Gender: male is a risk factor
- Stuttering trends: how has it developed, dropped off, gotten worse, stayed the same
- Duration of stuttering: how many years
- Age at onset: younger age is a better prognosis
- Disfluency length: longer the disfluency, more repetitions, long prolongations or blocks
- Disfluency type; Prolongations/blocks: prolongations and blocks sooner is a red flag
Risk for Persistency: Lesser factors
Secondary
Severity: Secondary characteristics. Phonology Expressive language Acoustic features
Risk for Persistency: Lesser factors
Tertiary
Concomitant disorders.
Awareness; Emotional reactions
A family history of ______ gives a child a ____% chance of following the same trend. A family history of _____ gives a child a ____% chance for the same trend. (Based on Ambrose, Cox, & Yairi, 1997).
A family history of persistency gives a child a 65% chance of following the same trend. A family history of recovery gives a child a 65% chance for the same trend. (Based on Ambrose, Cox, & Yairi, 1997).
The development of stuttering: Preschool Age Children Repetitions
- Part word repetitions, small units, large number
- Prolongations: consistent sound
- Silent Blocks: laryngeal tension
- Respiratory Irregularities: gasping
- Head and Neck Movement: eye blinking, wide mouth
- Awareness Task with puppets
In some cases, _____ recovery trends occur soon after _____. See changes in means of scores over the first 6 months (16 children) (See PowerPoint).
In some cases, natural recovery trends occur soon after onset. See changes in means of scores over the first 6 months (16 children).
