Ch. 1: What is Stuttering?

Question 1

What is a definition?

Answer 1

a statement of the exact meaning of a word or a concept, or the essential qualities or features of a phenomenon or an object.

Question 2

Why is defining stuttering important?

-In research:

Answer 2

• Who can participate as a person who
  stutters? As a control subject?
• What should be measured as changes in
  stuttering under different conditions?

Question 3

Why is defining stuttering important?

-In the clinic:

Answer 3

• Who exhibits stuttering and should enter
  therapy?
• How to measure progress in stuttering that
  justifies termination of therapy?

Question 4

Two meanings of stuttering:

1. Overt, momentary, disrupted _____ ______, such as repetitions. (e.g., “He stuttered a lot this morning”)

Answer 4

Overt, momentary, disrupted speech events, such as repetitions. (e.g., “He stuttered a lot this morning”)
*stuttering event is talking about the active disfluency

Question 5

Two meanings of stuttering:
2. A complex _____ including _____ , ______ (dry mouth, sweating), _____ (feelings), and _____ _____ (thinking about it), lasting over time. (e.g.,” Her stuttering has affected her social life”)

Answer 5

A complex disorder including speech, physiological (dry mouth, sweating), emotional (feelings), and cognitive factors (thinking about it), lasting over time. (e.g.,” Her stuttering has affected her social life”)
*stuttering disorder is the entire process.

Question 6

Dimensions of Normal Speech Fluency

Answer 6

• Rate: appropriate speech timing
• Continuity: smooth connections
• Tension effort: appropriate force
• Disfluency is a break in one of these dimensions.

Question 7

What is “disfluency”?

Answer 7

• Observable interruptions in on-going speech
• Refers to all speech interruptions, normal or not
• Occurs in everyone’s speech, not only in the those who stutter

Question 8

Six major multidimensional aspects of a stuttering disorder

Answer 8

• Overt speech characteristics: videos
• Physical concomitants: accessory behaviors, secondary behaviors, eye blinking, tapping, facial grimaces and movements. Used to get out of a block, but ends up making it look more abnormal.
• Physiological activity: feel differently in your body
• Affective features: emotional
• Cognitive processes: thinking
• Social dynamics: social places

Question 9

Types of Disfluency: Part-Word Repetition

Answer 9

Bu-bu-but

Stuttering-Like Disfluency(SLD)

Question 10

Single Syllable Word Repetition

Answer 10

And-and-and

SLD

Question 11

Disrhythmic Phonation

Answer 11

Blocks and prolongations
SLD
Mo——mmy

Question 12

Phrase Repetition

Answer 12

I like to-I like to...
Other Disfluencies (OD)

Question 13

Revision

Answer 13

It was, I mean…

OD

Question 14

Interjection

Answer 14

Uhm, well, er

OD

Question 15

Organic

Answer 15

current data suggests this

body

Question 16

Psychopathogenic

Answer 16

Neurosis

Question 17

Psychosociaol

Answer 17

social aspect

Question 18

Learning-based

Answer 18

learned

Question 19

Speaker-based perspectives

Answer 19

from the perspective of the person

Question 20

Robert West (1958): Stuttering is primarily an epileptic disorder manifested in dissynergies of the neuromotor mechanism for speech

Answer 20

Organic

Question 21

Charles Van Riper (1971): Stuttering is a disorder of timing. It is a temporal disruption of simultaneous and successive programming of muscular movement aimed at producing a sounds or a syllable

Answer 21

Organic

Question 22

Churchill’s Medical Dictionary: A speech disorder affecting the fluency of sounds, syllables, words, or phrases, and by prolongation of sounds and blocking of the articulation of words. Severer forms may be associated with facial grimacing, limb and postural gestures, involuntary grunts, or impaired control of airflow. Severity varies with the speaker’s situation and audience.

Answer 22

Psychosocial

Question 23

Peter Glauber (1958): Stuttering is a neurotic disorder in which personality disturbances is partially reflected in speech. It is a psychopathological symptom of conversion disorder.

Answer 23

Psychogenic

Question 24

John Fletcher (1928): Stuttering is a morbidity of social consciousness, a hyper-sensitivity of social attitude, a pathological social response.

Answer 24

Psychosocial

Question 25

Jon Eisenson (1958): Stuttering is a transient (brief) disturbance in communicating propositional language

Answer 25

Psychosocial

Question 26

Wendell Johnson (1955): Stuttering is an anticipatory, apprehensive, hypertonic, avoidance reaction

Answer 26

• Learning-based
• He was famous for the monster study, theory was diasgogenic theory, caused by people reacting negatively to a child’s speech

Question 27

William Perkins (1990): Stuttering indicates a loss of the control to voluntarily continue a disrupted utterance

Answer 27

Speaker-Based

Question 28

World Health Organization

Answer 28

A disorder of the rhythm of speech where the person knows what he /she wishes to say, yet is unable to say it due to involuntary repetition, prolongation, or cessation of a sound.

Question 29

The Authors’ essential definition:

Answer 29

Articulatory gestures in a holding pattern (repetition, prolongation, block) in an attempted delivery of syllables or elements of syllables

Neurodevelopmental disorder, with strong genetic evidence

Question 30

Authors’ (Y & S) Perspective on Developmental Stuttering: Early Period

Answer 30

• Stuttering is genetically based, but highly responsive to environmental factors
• Stuttering events are characterized by frequent and/or intense intermittent disruptions to the integration of syllables or elements of syllables

Question 31

Authors’ (Y & S) Perspective on Stuttering: Later period

Answer 31

• When the disorder persists, a range of multidimensional characteristics are acquired: overt body tensions, motor-physiological adaptations, as well as emotional, cognitive and social reactions.
• To the PWS, these can be more disturbing than the stuttered speech.