Ch. 1: What is Stuttering? Flashcards
What is a definition?
a statement of the exact meaning of a word or a concept, or the essential qualities or features of a phenomenon or an object.
Why is defining stuttering important?
-In research:
- Who can participate as a person who
stutters? As a control subject? - What should be measured as changes in
stuttering under different conditions?
Why is defining stuttering important?
-In the clinic:
- Who exhibits stuttering and should enter
therapy? - How to measure progress in stuttering that
justifies termination of therapy?
Two meanings of stuttering:
1. Overt, momentary, disrupted _____ ______, such as repetitions. (e.g., “He stuttered a lot this morning”)
Overt, momentary, disrupted speech events, such as repetitions. (e.g., “He stuttered a lot this morning”)
*stuttering event is talking about the active disfluency
Two meanings of stuttering:
2. A complex _____ including _____ , ______ (dry mouth, sweating), _____ (feelings), and _____ _____ (thinking about it), lasting over time. (e.g.,” Her stuttering has affected her social life”)
A complex disorder including speech, physiological (dry mouth, sweating), emotional (feelings), and cognitive factors (thinking about it), lasting over time. (e.g.,” Her stuttering has affected her social life”)
*stuttering disorder is the entire process.
Dimensions of Normal Speech Fluency
- Rate: appropriate speech timing
- Continuity: smooth connections
- Tension effort: appropriate force
- Disfluency is a break in one of these dimensions.
What is “disfluency”?
- Observable interruptions in on-going speech
- Refers to all speech interruptions, normal or not
- Occurs in everyone’s speech, not only in the those who stutter
Six major multidimensional aspects of a stuttering disorder
- Overt speech characteristics: videos
- Physical concomitants: accessory behaviors, secondary behaviors, eye blinking, tapping, facial grimaces and movements. Used to get out of a block, but ends up making it look more abnormal.
- Physiological activity: feel differently in your body
- Affective features: emotional
- Cognitive processes: thinking
- Social dynamics: social places
Types of Disfluency: Part-Word Repetition
Bu-bu-but
Stuttering-Like Disfluency(SLD)
Single Syllable Word Repetition
And-and-and
SLD
Disrhythmic Phonation
Blocks and prolongations
SLD
Mo——mmy
Phrase Repetition
I like to-I like to... Other Disfluencies (OD)
Revision
It was, I mean…
OD
Interjection
Uhm, well, er
OD
Organic
current data suggests this
body
Psychopathogenic
Neurosis
Psychosociaol
social aspect
Learning-based
learned
Speaker-based perspectives
from the perspective of the person
Robert West (1958): Stuttering is primarily an epileptic disorder manifested in dissynergies of the neuromotor mechanism for speech
Organic
Charles Van Riper (1971): Stuttering is a disorder of timing. It is a temporal disruption of simultaneous and successive programming of muscular movement aimed at producing a sounds or a syllable
Organic
Churchill’s Medical Dictionary: A speech disorder affecting the fluency of sounds, syllables, words, or phrases, and by prolongation of sounds and blocking of the articulation of words. Severer forms may be associated with facial grimacing, limb and postural gestures, involuntary grunts, or impaired control of airflow. Severity varies with the speaker’s situation and audience.
Psychosocial
Peter Glauber (1958): Stuttering is a neurotic disorder in which personality disturbances is partially reflected in speech. It is a psychopathological symptom of conversion disorder.
Psychogenic
John Fletcher (1928): Stuttering is a morbidity of social consciousness, a hyper-sensitivity of social attitude, a pathological social response.
Psychosocial
