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BIOL 251 - A&P 1 > Ch 4 - Tissues > Flashcards

Ch 4 - Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Any grouping of cells that are similar in structure and carry out a similar or common function

A

Tissue

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2
Q

Four primary types of tissue

A
  1. Nervous tissue
  2. Muscle tissue
  3. Epithelial tissue
  4. Connective tissue
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3
Q

Types of nervous tissue

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Supporting cells
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4
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A
  1. Skeletal Muscle (voluntary with striations)
  2. Cardiac Muscle (involuntary with striations)
  3. Smooth Muscle (involuntary w/o striations)
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5
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

In walls of hollow organs to move substances within/through

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6
Q

Function of Epithelial tissue

A

Boundary-forming, transport of molecules/nutrients into/out of organs

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7
Q

Exposed side of epithelial tissue is called

A

Apical Surface - faces lumen or outside of body

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8
Q

Apical surface may have: (2)

A

1) microvilli
2) cilia

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9
Q

Unexposed side of epithelial tissue

A

Basal surface

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10
Q

Membrane deeper than basal surface

A

Basement membrane

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11
Q

Part of the basement membrane that filters what can/cannot enter the epithelium

A

Basal Lamina

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12
Q

Deepest layer of the basement membrane that contains fibers belonging to connective tissue

A

Reticular Lamina

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13
Q

Epithelial cells are joined together by: (2)

A

Tight junctions and/or desmosomes

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14
Q

Is Epithelial tissue Vascular or Avascular?

(yes or no blood supply)

A

Epithelial tissue is Avascular

No blood supply, needs to recieve nourishment by diffusion

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15
Q

Is Epithelial tissue Innervated or Enervated

(yes or no nerve fibers)

A

Epithelial tissue is Innervated

Supplied with nerve fibers

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16
Q

Epithelial classification

Single layer epithelia

A

Simple epithelia

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17
Q

Epithelial classification

2+ layer epithelia

A

Stratified epithelia

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18
Q

Epithelial classification

Flat, squashed cells

A

Squamous cells

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19
Q

Epithelial classification

Even, cube-shaped cells

A

Cuboidal cells

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20
Q

Epithelial classification

Long, tall, thin cells

A

Columnar cells

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21
Q

Epithelial classification practice

Multiple layers of flat cells

A

Stratified squamous epithelial tissue

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22
Q

Epithelial classification practice

One layer of tall cells

A

Simple columnar epithelial tissue

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23
Q

Functions of Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

absorption, secretion, filtration

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24
Q

Simple squamous epithelium of pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum

A

Mesothelium

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25
Q

Simple squamous epithelium making up slick/slippery linings of vessels

A

Endothelium

Ex. endothelium of blood vessels

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26
Q

Functions of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

absorption and secretion

found in kidney tubules, ovary surface, some small glands

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27
Q

Functions of Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Absorption and secretion; many have microvilli or cilia

found: digestive tract, gallbladder, small bronchi, uterine tubes,uterus

28
Q

Epithelial classification

Single layer of long, tall cells BUT not all cells reach from bottom to top

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Looks like stratified columnar, but all cells touch basement membrane

29
Q

Functions of Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Secretion and Absorption; many have cilia

locations: respiratory tract, male ducts, ducts of large glands

30
Q

How does stratified epithelia (re)generate

A

Bottom up

31
Q

Most common stratified layer type

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

32
Q

Functions of Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Forms thick, protective barrier - apical cells may be dead, rubbed off

location: lining of mouth, esophagus, anal canal, vagina; epidermis

33
Q

Functions of Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands

Rare! Usually only 2 layers

34
Q

Locations of Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Male urethra, part of pharynx, some ducts

Rare! 2 layers, and only apical cells are columnar

35
Q

Stratified epithelia with cuboidal/columnar cell shapes and various apical cell shapes

A

Transitional Epithelium

mostly found in urinary organs

36
Q

Definition

One or more cells that produce and secrete a particular product called a secretion

A

Gland

37
Q

Definition

Liquid substance that uis produced by a body cell

A

Secretion - water base with protien and other substances

manufactured from the blood supply

38
Q

Definition

Ductless gland that releases secretion directly into bloodstream

A

Endocrine Gland

39
Q

Endocrine glands can make up (1) or (2)

(systems)

A

1) Compact multicellular organs
2) diffuse endocrine systems

Mostly multicellular organs

40
Q

What do Endocrine Glands secrete

A

Hormones

secreted via exocytosis

41
Q

Definition

Glands that release onto a surface or into a cavity

A

Exocrine Gland

Ex. Liver, pancreas, salivary glands, sweat glands, oil glands

42
Q

How does a unicellular exocrine gland release secretion

A

Exocytosis

43
Q

How does a multicellular exocrine gland release secretion

A

Duct

44
Q

Definiton

Individual gland cells that are scattered through epithelia with other cells of different functions

A

Unicellular exocrine gland;
Ex. Goblet cells (digestive system) Mucous cells (respiratory system)

both produce mucin (dissolves in water to create mucus)

45
Q

Parts of the multicellular exocrine gland (2)

A

1) Acinus (acini) - secretory unit
2) Duct - “tube” formed by cells of epithelium

46
Q

Classification of multicellular exocrine glands: Duct structure

A

1) Simple (unbranched)
2) Compound (branched)

47
Q

Classification of multicellular exocrine glands: Acinus structure

A

1) Tubular (tube-like)
2) Alveolar (bulb-like)
3) Tubuloalveolar (both!)

48
Q

Classification of multicellular exocrine glands: Acinus structure

A

1) Tubular (tube-like)
2) Alveolar (bulb-like)
3) Tubuloalveolar (both!)

49
Q

Gland Classification

Secretion released via exocytosis from acini, cell remains unchanged when releasing secretion.

A

Merocrine gland

50
Q

Gland Classification

Secretion released as a result of cell rupture (but not total)

A

Holocrine gland

51
Q

Gland Classification

Secretion released as a result of total cell rupture and death

A

Apocrine gland

52
Q

Most abundant and widespread of all tissues

A

Connective Tissue

53
Q

What is the origin of all connective tissue?

A

Mesenchyme

The mesenchyme is a embryonic tissue

54
Q

The four classes of connective tissue

A

1) Connective tissue proper
2) Cartilage
3) Bone
4) Blood

55
Q

Major functions of connective tissue

A

1) Support
2) Protection
3) Insulation
4) Storage

56
Q

Basic components of all connective tissue

A

1) Ground substance - the substance that fills the space in and around cells/fibers
2) Fibers - supportive structure of connective tissue
3) Cells - living, active portion of the connective tissue

57
Q

Ground substance of connective tissue is made up of: (3)

A

1) Interstitial fluid (ISF): allows nutrients to pass from blood to cells
2) Cell adhesion protiens: proteins acting like “glue” to hold living cells to ECM
3) Proteoglycan: proteins that give ground substance its consistency

58
Q

Types of fibers in connective tissue

A

1) Collagen fibers (collagen) - assemble and cross-link with other collagen fibers spontaneously - resist pulling
2) Elastic fibers (elastin) - form branching networks, long thin - easily stretched and return to shape
3) Reticular Fibers - shorter and finer, extensively branched - work with collagen

59
Q

What is Marfan Syndrome?

A

Genetic disorder that causes elastic fibers of connective tissue to lose flexibility and strength - elongated fingers/toes, aorta expands, lungs cannot stretch as far, lens in eye detaches.

Caused by a mutation in the FBN1 gene which codes for fibrillin

60
Q

Types of Connective Tissue Proper:

A

1) Loose connective tissue
2) Dense connective tissue
3) Elastic connective tissue

61
Q

Types of Loose Connective Tissue:

type of connective tissue proper

A

1) Areolar connective tissue (fibroblasts) - thick, found almost everywhere
2) Adipose tissue (adipocyte) - fat tissue; mostly storages for energy/nutrients
3) Reticular connective tissue - forms stroma to support free blood cells in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow

62
Q

Types of Dense Connective Tissue:

A

1) Dense regular connective tissue (fibroblast) - Collagen fibers run in same direction, high reistance to tension
2) Dense irregular connective tissue - collagen fibers are thicker, irregular; can withstand tension in multiple directions

63
Q

Is Cartilage Vascular or Avascular

(yes or no blood supply)

A

Cartilage is Avascular

64
Q

Is Cartilage Innervated or Enervated

(yes or no nerve fibers)

A

Cartilage has no innervation

65
Q

What are the primary cells of cartilage

A

Chondroblasts and Chondrocytes

66
Q

Tyes of Cartilage

A

1) Hyaline Cartilage (stretchy but firm/strong)
2) Elastic Cartilage (stretchy)
3) Fibrocartilage (fibrous)

67
Q

Types of Covering and Lining Membranes (3)

Simple organs of the human body

A

1) Cutaneous (skin) - composed of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelia
2) Mucous membranes (mucosa) - lines any body cavity that leads into/out of body; wet; epithelial cells attached to lamina propria (areolar connective tissue)
3) Serous membranes (Serosa) - lines body cavities that are closed to the outside of the body

remember serosa are named for cavity + what they cling to

Parietal/visceral pleura, parietal/visceral pericardium, parietal/visceral peritoneum

BIOL 251 - A&P 1 (7 decks)

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