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BIOL 251 - A&P 1 > Ch 16 - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Ch 16 - Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Long-distance chemical messengers that cause a change in metabolic activity of a cell

A

Hormone

Effects are usually long-lasting!!

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2
Q

Hormones control:

A

1) Reproduction
2) Growth and development
3) Immune system activation
4) Maintenance of various blood components (glucose, electrolytes, water, etc.)
5) Etc, etc, etc.

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3
Q

Glands Involved in Endocrine System

A

Endocrine glands, obviously
But also sonetimes autocrine and paracrine glands

autocrine - affects same cell
paracrine - affects different cell in same tissue

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4
Q

Classification of hormones

A

1) Amino acid-based hormones - molecular size varies (amino acid derivatives, peptides, proteins) - water soluble, circulate w/o carrier
2) Steroid hormones - synthesized from cholesterol (gonadal hormones and adrenocortical hormones are only steroid hormones in body) - non water soluble, circulates WITH carrier

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5
Q

Hormone Actions

A

1) Altering plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential
2) Stimulates synthesis of enzymes/proteins inside cell
3) Activates/deactivates enzymes
4) Induces secretory activity
5) Stimulates mitosis

can only affect target cells with receptors that can bind it

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6
Q

Mechanisms of Hormone Action

A

1) Second messenger-systems: use receptors found on surface of plasma membrane (glucagon, TSH)
2) Intracellular systems: hormone enters cell first, then binds to intracellular receptors (steroid hormones, T3, T4)

Receptor-hormone complex binds specific regions of DNA - DNA transcription occurs

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7
Q

Hormone stimulus mechanisms

A

1) Humoral stimuli: changing blood levels of ions & nutrients (Ca2+ levels + parathyroid gland)
2) Neural stimuli: nerve fibers stimulate hormone release (infrequent, NE&epinephrine release)
3) Hormonal stimuli: hormone released in response to other hormones (hypothalamic hormones stimulate/inhibit anterior pituitary gland)

controlled by negative feedback mechanisms

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8
Q

Factors of activiation of cell by hormone

A

1) Blood levels of hormone
2) Number of receptors for specific hormone on/in cell
3) Affinity of receptor to the hormone

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9
Q

How amount of hormone in blood/cell can change the NUMBER OF RECEPTORS in/on target cell

A

Up-regulation: increase receptor number in response to low hormone levels (increase sens.)
Down-regulation: decrease in response to high (decrease sens.)

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10
Q

Hormone Interactions at Target Cells

A

1) Permissiveness: one hormone cannot have full effect without binding of a second type of hormone
2) Synergism: 2+ hormones with similar effects bind target cell - amplification occurs
3) Antagonism: one hormone opposes the effect of another hormone

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11
Q

Duration of hormone effects on target cell

A

Not always immediate - can be seen after hours or days of exposure to hormone
Duration of effect varies as well

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12
Q

Major Endocrine Organs

A

1) Pituitary Gland (hypophysis) - (connected to hypothalamus - master endocrine organ)
2) Thyroid Gland - produces, secretes, stores hormones (thyroid hormone - major metabolic hormone)
3) Parathyroid Gland - parathyroid hormone (Ca2+ homeostasis)
4) Adrenal Glands - stress response, electrolyte balance
5) Pineal Gland - melatonin
6) Pancreas - glucagon and insulin
7) Gonads & Placenta - estrogens/progesterone; testosterone; placenta temporary

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13
Q

Regions of Pituitary Gland

A

1) Anterior pituitary: manufactures and releases several different hormones
2) Posterior pituitary: composed mostly of neural tissue and nerve fibers - stores and releases neurohormones produced by hypothalamus

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14
Q

Hormone relase of pituitary control

A

Controlled by Hypothalamus:
1) Action potentials from hypothalamus cause hormone relase
2) Hypothalamic hormones released into hypophyseal portal system - stimulate or inhibit

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15
Q

Posterior pituitary & hypothalamic hormones

A

1) Oxytocin - stimulant for uterine contraction, milk ejection, “cuddle hormone”
2) ADH (antidiuretic hormone) - prevents water being added to urine (maintains water content of blood)

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16
Q

Function of Oxytocin

A

Stimulates uterine contraction, milk ejection, “cuddle hormone”

Works as a neurotransmitter in the brain - promotes nurturing, couple bomding, trust, affectionate behavior

Positive Feedback!!

17
Q

Control of release of ADH

A

Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus monitor solute concentration and release the antidiuretic hormone when solute concentration is too high

18
Q

Six Anterior Pituitary Hormones

A

1) Growth Hormone (GH) (category 2 tropic hormone)
2) Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) (Tropin)
3) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) (Tropin)
4) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (Tropin)
5) Luteinizing hormone (LH) (Tropin)
6) Prolactin (PRL) (category 2 tropic hormone)

Tropins are hormones that affect the activity of another endocrine gland

19
Q

Effects of GH

A

metabolic: decreases glucose uptake, mobilizes fat stores - releases fatty acids to blood, increases aimo acid uptake

growth: liver, bone, skeletal muscle, etc. produce insulin-like growth factor (IGFs) in presence of GH - stimulate growth (increase nutrient uptake, formation of collagen and deposition of bone matrix

Technically not a tropin

Anterior pituitary hormone

20
Q

Release and Function of TSH

A

Thyroid-htimulating hormone stimulated by Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
function: stimulates developmet and secretory activity of thyroid gland

Tropin

Anterior pituitary hormone

21
Q

Release and Function of ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulated by Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
function: stimulates developmet and secretory activity of thyroid gland

Tropin

Anterior pituitary hormone

22
Q

Release and Function of FSH

A

follicle-stimulating hormone stimulated by Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
function: stimulates production of gametes

Tropin

Anterior pituitary hormone

23
Q

Release and Function of LH

A

Lutenizing hormone hormone stimulated by Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
function: stimulates production of gonadal hormones

Tropin

Anterior pituitary hormone

24
Q

Release and Function of PRL

A

Prolactin levels rise and fall with blood estrogens (rising estrogen = more PRL) - controlled by dopamine
function: stimulates milk production in breast tissue & contributes to reproductive system function

PRL increases toward end of pregnancy

Tropin

Anterior pituitary hormone

25
Q

Release and Function of TH

A

Thyroid hormone produced depending on the presencce of iodine

Affects virtually every body cell
1) Increases metabolic rate and body heat production
2) Regulates tissue growth/development
3) Maintains blood pressure

Thyroid gland retains ~3 months normal supply of hormone

26
Q

Release and Function of PTH

A

Decreasing blood Ca2+ levels stimulate Parathyroid hormone release by:
1) Stimulating osteoclasts to increase bone degredation
2) Enhancing Ca2+ reabsorption by kidneys
3) Activating vitamin D - increases absorption of Ca2+ from digestive system

27
Q

Functional areas of the Adrenal glands

A

1) Adrenal Cortex - outermost region, produces 3 corticosteroids (mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids)
2) Adrenal Medulla - innermost region of adrenal gland, synthesize NE and Epinephrine (80% epinephrine)

28
Q

Corticosteroid that regulates electrolyte concentration in ECF (esp. Na+ and K+)

A

Mineralcorticoids
importance:
- Na+ influences water movement - can affect blood volume and blood pressure
- K+ determines resting membrane potential - imbalance affects responsiveness of neurons

Adrenal Cortex Hormone

29
Q

Corticosteroid that influences energy metabolism of cells, provides resistance to stressors

A

Glucocorticoids
specific types: cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone
Release stimulated by ACTH - neg. feedback
Stress affects cortisol release - CNS overrides negative feedback mechanism & more cortisol released

30
Q

Effects of glucocorticoids

A

1) Mobilizes body stores to create more glucose
2) Provokes sympathetic nervous system
3) Excessive release causes:
- Depressed cartilage & bone formation
- Inhibits inflammation
- Depresses immune system
- Disrupts normal cardiovascular, neural, gastrointestinal functions

31
Q

Gonadocorticoid release and function

A

Small amounts of androgens released by adrenal cortex - much less than produced by gonads

effects:
- Contribute to axillary and pubic hair development
- in females: contributes to libido & produce estrogens post-menopause

Some converted to testosterone, others to estrogen

32
Q

Function of Adrenal Medulla

A

Synthesizes EPI and NE (80-20)

Release initiated by sympathetic nervous system

Hormones not essential for flight-or-fight response

EPI has a greater influence on metabolic activity & is a dilator of airways in lungs, whereas NE has a greater influence on blood vessel diameter

33
Q

Function of Pineal Gland

A

Secretes melatonin
Regulating night-day cycles
Release controlled indirectly by intensity & duration of light

34
Q

Pancreatic Hormones, and where they are produced

A

Produced in pancreatic islets:
1) Glucagon: (alpha cells) stimulates liver to break down glycogen, convert non-carbohydrate molecules to glucose, release glucose from liver cells - HYPERglycemic effect
2) Insulin: (beta cells) increases glucose uptake by body cells, inhibits glycogen breakdown, inhibits conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules to glucose

Release of insulin controlled by:
- Elevated blood glucose
- Rising blood levels of amino acids & fats
- Acetylcholine release from parasympathetic nervous system
- Any hyperglycemic hormone

35
Q

Types of Diabetes Mellitus

A

Type 1) Autoimmune condition - insulin is not produced by the pancreas at all
Type 2) “Insulin resistance” - insulin produced & released, cells do not respond

36
Q

Causes/Treatment of DM1

A

Caused by destruction of beta cells by immune system
Treatment: insulin shots before meals or cont. fusion pumps
If left untreated - development of vascular & neural problems

37
Q

Causes/Treatment of DM2

A

Caused by a combination of genetics & lifestyle
Treatment: can be managed with diet and exercise
Similar complications to type 1 diabetes if not managed/treated

BIOL 251 - A&P 1 (15 decks)

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