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BIOL1190 > CH 4: Tissue Level > Flashcards

CH 4: Tissue Level Flashcards

1
Q

tissue

A

integrated group of similar cells that usually have a similar embryological origin and are specialized for a specific function

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2
Q

cell junctions - definition

A

point of contact between adjacent cells - cells can be attached together or to the basement membrane or to the connective tissue

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3
Q

cell junctions - functions

A
  1. anchor cells together or to extracellular material (adherens junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes)
  2. form fluid-tight seals between cells (tight junctions)
  3. act as channels that allow ions and molecules to pass from cell to cell (gap junctions)
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4
Q

CAMs

A

cell adhesion molecules: are transmembrane proteins that bind to each other and to the cytoskeleton

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5
Q

adherens junctions - structure

A

transmembrane integral proteins are attached to microfilaments in the cytoskeleton and to the integral membrane proteins of the other cell
made of:
- plaque: dense layer of proteins inside the cell membrane
- cadherins (integral membrane proteins): connect cell to cell
- microfilaments: anchor the cadherin in each cell forming adhesion belts

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6
Q

adherens junctions - function

A

hold cells together

ex. join epithelial cells together

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7
Q

desmosomes - structure

A

similar to adherens junctions, except that cadherins are anchored by intermediate filaments which cross the cytoplasm from one side of the cell to the othere

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8
Q

desmosomes - function

A

prevent separation of cells

ex. prevent separation of epidermal cell and cardiac muscle cells under tension

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9
Q

hemidesmosomes - structure

A

half a desmosome
transmembrane proteins are attached to intermediate filaments + the integrin (anchor protein) links to the protein laminin in the basement membrane

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10
Q

basal lamina - structure

A

=basement membrane

  • thin layer of connective tissue underlying eputhelial tissue
  • thin acellular extracellular membrane made of 2 layers:
    • basal lamina: secreted by epithelial cells and composed of collagen fibers, laminin, various glycoproteins and proteoglycans
    • reticular lamina: secreted by connective tissue cells and composed of reticular fibers
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11
Q

tight junctions - structure

A

the two plasma membranes are tightly fused together by interlocking membrane proteins

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12
Q

tight junctions - function

A

prevent passage of fluids (including water) across a tissue layer

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13
Q

tight junctions - location

A

line GI tract and bladder

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14
Q

gap junctions - structure

A

formed by channel proteins called connexins (two connexins=connexon) that span the membrane of two cells
it’s a tiny space between the plasma membranes of two cells

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15
Q

gap junctions - function

A

allow for passage of ions and small molecules between cells, enabling cells to communicate

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16
Q

gap junctions - location

A

in heart and smooth muscle of the gut

- gap junctions in the heart allow the cardiac muscle cells to beat in sync

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17
Q

tissue types

A
  • epithelial
  • muscle
  • connective
  • nervous
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18
Q

epithelial tissue - purpose

A
  1. covers and lines surfaces
    - provides selective barriers for movement of material
    ex. barrier btw body and environment (skin, gut)
    ex barrier btw different structures (blood vessels)
    - provides protection from damage/abrasion
    - absorbs nutrients (gut)
  2. forms secretion portions of glands
    - produces mucus, hormones and enzymes
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19
Q

epithelial tissue - structure

A
  • cells closely packed together (with cell junctions) with intracellular space
  • cells sit on basement membrane
  • consists of apical surface and basal surface
    1. high rate of cell turnover/cell regeneration
    2. has its own good nerve supply
    3. avascular: relies on diffusion from blood blood vessels withing connective tissue from removal of waste and nutrient delivery
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20
Q

basement mebrane - function

A

attachment and support for epithelial tissue

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21
Q

apical surface

A

“free” surface - epithelial tissue

- region exposed to space inside the organ or lumen

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22
Q

basal surface

A

adheres to basement mebrane - epithelial tissue

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23
Q

basal lamina

A

layer of basement mebrane

  • secreted by epithelial cells
  • composed of collagen fiber, laminin, various glycoproteins and proteoglycans
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24
Q

reticular lamina

A

layer of basement membrane

  • secreted by connective tissue
  • composed of reticular fibers
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25
Q

epithelial cells - features

A
  • microvilli: increase SA (digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts)
  • cilia: found in portions of the respiratory and reproductive tracts
  • apical surface: region exposed to space inside the organ and lumen
  • basal surface: attaches to underlying epithelial cells or deeper tissues
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26
Q

epithelial tissue - classification

A
  • number of cell layers

- shape of cells

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27
Q

epithelial tissue - classification based on number of cell layers

A
  • simple
  • pseudostratified
  • stratified
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28
Q

simple (epithelial tissue)

A

have single layer of cells

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29
Q

pseudostratified (epithelial tissue)

A

have single layer but irregular cell shape and nucleus

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30
Q

stratified (epithelial tissue)

A

have at least two layers of cells

- basal cells replicate by mitosis and replace more superficial layers

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31
Q

epithelial tissue - function

A

structure determines function

  1. material exchange
    - simple squamous epithelium
  2. secretion and absorption of material
    - simple cuboidal epithelium
    - simple columnar epithelium
  3. protection
    - stratified squamous epithelium
    - pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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32
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A
  • single layer of flat cells
  • thin: adapted for diffusion (lungs, blood, lymph vessels) and filtration (kidneys)
  • specific name in some organs:
    • endhothelium: lines blood vessels
    • endocardium: lines chambers of heart
    • mesothelium: lines serous membranes
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33
Q

simple squamous epithelium - function

A
  • diffusion (lungs, blood, lymph vessels)

- filtration (kidneys)

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34
Q

endothelium

A

simple squamous epithelim that lines blood vessels

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35
Q

endocardium

A

simple squamous epithelium that lines chambers of the heart

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36
Q

mesothelium

A

simple squamous epithelium that lines serous membranes

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37
Q

stratified squamous epithelium - structure

A

two or more layers of cells
- apical cells are flat
can be keratinized and non-keratinized

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38
Q

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium - location

A

lines moist surfaces:

  • mouth
  • esophagus
  • part of epiglottis
  • part of pharynx
  • vagina
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39
Q

keratin

A

tough, fibrous intracellular protein found in skin, hair and nails

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40
Q

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium - location

A

superficial layer of skin

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41
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium - structure

A

one layer of cube-shaped cells

- nucleus: round and centered

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42
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium - function

A

absorption and secretion

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43
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium - location

A

lines kidney tubules, thyroid gland

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44
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium- structure

A

two or more layers of cells

- cells in apical layer are cube-shaped

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45
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium- location

A

in some ducts:

  • sweat glands
  • male urethra
  • esophageal ducts
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46
Q

simple columnar epithelium - structure

A

single layer of column-shaped cells

- oval nuclei usually located near the base of cells

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47
Q

simple non-ciliated columnar epithelium - structure

A

contain microvilli at apical surface and goblet cells (secrete mucus)

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48
Q

goblet cells - function

A

secrete mucus

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49
Q

simple non-ciliated columnar epithelium - function

A

secretion and absorption

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50
Q

simple non-ciliated columnar epithelium - location

A

mucus secretion lubricates:

  • GI
  • respiratory
  • reproductive
  • urinary systems
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51
Q

simple ciliated columnar epithelium - structure

A

single layer of column-shaped cells with cilia on apical surface
- nucleus: oval, located near the base of the cell
usually contain interspersed goblet cells

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52
Q

simple ciliated columnar epithelium - function

A

cilia beat in unison to move fluid, mucus and/or foreign particles

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53
Q

simple ciliated columnar epithelium - location

A

line:

  • bronchioles
  • uterine tubes
  • paranasal sinuses
  • central canal of the spinal cord
  • brain
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54
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium - structure

A
  • single layer of columnar cells
  • appears layered because nuclei are at different levels
  • all cells are attached to the basement membrane
  • not all cells reach the apical layer
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55
Q

pseudostratified columnar non-ciliated epithelium - structure

A

lacks goblet cells

no cilia

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56
Q

pseudostratified columnar non-ciliated epithelium - location

A

lines epididymis, ducts of larger glands and parts of male urethra

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57
Q

pseudostratified columnar non-ciliated epithelium - function

A

absorption and secretion

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58
Q

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium - structure

A

contain cells with cilia or goblet cells (secrete mucus)

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59
Q

pseudostrlatified ciliated columnar epithelium - location

A

lines airways of upper respiratory tract

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60
Q

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium - function

A

secretion and protection

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61
Q

stratified columnar epithelium - structure

A
  • has at least two layers of cells
  • apical layer has column-shaped cells
  • cells in other layers can be short or irregularly shaped
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62
Q

stratified columnar epithelium - location

A

lines part of the urethra, esophageal and salivary gland ducts

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63
Q

stratified columnar epithelium - function

A

protection and secretion

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64
Q

transitional epithelium - structure

A

variable/transitional appearance

  • relaxed state: looks like stratified cuboidal epithelium but has large and round apical cells
  • stretched state: looks like stratified squamous epithelium as cells flatten
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65
Q

relaxed state

A

of transitional epithelium: looks like stratified cuboidal epithelium but has large and round apical cells

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66
Q

stretched state

A

of transitional epithelium: looks like stratified squamous epithelium as cells flatten

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67
Q

transitional epithelium - location

A

lines urinary bladder and portions of ureters and urethra

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68
Q

transitional epithelium - function

A

protection and ability to stretch within

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69
Q

grandular epithelium

A
  • exocrine glands

- endocrine glands

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70
Q

exocrine glands - function

A

cells that secrete a product (mucus, sweat, ear wax, saliva, digestive enzymes, …) onto the free surface of the epithelial layer
- connected to surface by ducts (tubes)

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71
Q

exocrine glands - examples

A
  • goblet cells
  • sudoriferous
  • sebaceous
  • salivary glands
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72
Q

endocrine glands - function

A

secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid followed by diffusion to the bloodstream

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73
Q

endocrine glands - examples

A
  • pituitary
  • adrenal
  • thyroid gland
74
Q

glands that are both endocrine and exocrine

A
  • pancreas
  • ovaries
  • testes
75
Q

exocrine glands - structure

A
  • has a duct
  • free surface
  • multiple layers
    can be:
  • unicellular - goblet cells
  • multicellular: composed of many cells that form a distinctive microscopic structure or macroscopic organ - sweat glands, sebaceous glands, salivary glands
76
Q

endocrine glands - structure

A
  • thinner layer

- big “blob” of stored hormone

77
Q

unicellular exocrine glands - example

A

goblet cells

78
Q

multicellular exocrine glands - examples

A
  • sweat glands
  • sebaceous glands
  • salivary glands
79
Q

exocrine glands - grandular secretion classification

A
  • merocrine glands
  • apocrine glands
  • holocrine glands
80
Q

exocrine glands - function

A

secretion via exocytosis

81
Q

merocrine glands - function

A
  • mero = part

- discharge secretory product by exocytosis

82
Q

merocrine glands - examples

A
  • salivary glands
  • pancreas glands
  • digestive enzymes
  • sweat glands
83
Q

apocrine glands - function

A
  • apo = away from
  • accumulate secretory product at the apical surface
  • apical surface of the cell pinches off from the cell to form the secretion
  • the remaining part of the cell reapirs itself and the process repeats
84
Q

apocrine glands - examples

A

mammary glands

85
Q

holocrine glands - function

A
  • holo = entire
  • cells accumulate products, die and rupture to release product
  • dead cells are replaced by new ones
86
Q

holocrine glands - examples

A

sebaceous glands

87
Q

connective tissue - characteristics

A
  • made up of cells scattered in ECM
    • cells rarely touch each other due to matrix
    • structure of ECM determines the tissue’s characteristics
  • very abundant and widely distributed
  • good nerve and blood supply except in cartilage and tendons
  • no free surfaces
88
Q

ECM

A

composed of protein fibers and ground substance secreted by connective tissue cells

89
Q

ECM structure determining connective tissue function

A
  • solid, liquid or somewhere in between (gel)

- hard (like bone) or firm and pliable (cartilage)

90
Q

connective tissue cells - origin

A

from mesenchyme

91
Q

mesenchyme - definition

A

embryonic connective tissue composed of mesenchymal cells

92
Q

connective tissue - constituent cells

A
  • blast: immature cells that retain the ability to divide and produce matrix
    • ex. fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast
  • cyte: mature cells that cannot divide or produce matrix
    • ex. chondrocyte, osteocyte
93
Q
  • blast
A
  • constituent cells of connective tissue
  • immature cells that retain the ability to divide and produce matrix
    • ex. fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast
94
Q
  • cyte
A
  • constituent cells of connective tissue
  • mature cells that cannot divide or produce matrix
    • ex. chondrocyte, osteocyte
95
Q

fibroblasts

A
  • large flat cells

- move through tissue secreting fibers and ground substance

96
Q

macrophages

A
  • develop from monocytes

- engulf microorganisms and cell debris by phagocytosis

97
Q

plasma cells

A
  • develop from B lymphocytes

- produce antibodies that fight against foreign substances

98
Q

neutrophils and eosinophils

A
  • specialized leukocytes
  • not common in normal connective tissue
  • contain toxic molecules and enzymes to fight off invaders
99
Q

neutrophils

A

migrate to sites of bacterial invasion and destroy microbes by phagocytosis

100
Q

eosinophils

A

migrate to sites of parasitic invasion

101
Q

mast cells

A
  • found along blood vessels in connective tissue

- produce histamine that causes dilation of small blood vessels

102
Q

adipocytes

A
  • found subcutaneously and around organs

- fat storage and protection

103
Q

constituent cells of connective tissue - list

A
  1. fibroblasts
  2. macrophages
  3. plasma cells
  4. neutrophils
  5. eosinophils
  6. mast cells
  7. adipocytes
104
Q

ECM - components

A
  1. cells
  2. fibers
  3. ground substance
105
Q

connective tissue - types of fibers

A

all made up of proteins

  1. collagen fibers
  2. reticular fibers
  3. elastic fibers
106
Q

collagen fibers

A
  • made from protein collagen
  • found in most connective tissue
  • often occurs in parallel bundles
  • very strong but flexible
  • ex. bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments
107
Q

collagen fibers - location

A
  • bone
  • cartilage
  • tendons
  • ligaments
108
Q

reticular fibers

A
  • thin, branched fibers of collagen in fine bundles, with coating of glycoproteins
  • function: provide support for blood vessels and soft organs
    • ex. spleen, lymph nodes
  • form part of the basement membrane
109
Q

reticular fibers - function

A

provide support for blood vessels and soft organs

110
Q

reticular fibers - location

A
  • spleen

- lymph nodes

111
Q

elastic fibers

A
  • smaller diameter fibers made of protein elastin surrounded by glycoprotein fibrillin
  • branch and join to form networks of fibers
  • can stretch up to 150% or relaxed length and then return to its original shape - elasticity
  • ex. lungs, blood vessels, skin
112
Q

elastic fibers - function

A

elasticity: can stretch up to 150% or relaxed length and then return to its original shape

113
Q

elastic fibers - location

A
  • lungs
  • blood vessels
  • skin
114
Q

ground substance

A
  • material between cells and fibers
  • determines consistency of connective tissue
    • can be liquid, semiliquid or calcifies
  • supports cells, holds cells together, stores water, and allows for migration, transport of molecules and chemical reactions
  • contains water and large organic molecules (combinations of proteins and polysaccharides)
115
Q

ground substance - function

A
  • determines consistency of connective tissue
    • can be liquid, semiliquid or calcifies
  • supports cells, holds cells together, stores water, and allows for migration, transport of molecules and chemical reactions
116
Q

classification of connective tissue

A
  • connective tissue proper
    • loose connective tissue
      • areolar
      • adipose
      • reticular
    • dense connective tissue
      • dense regular
      • dense irregular
      • elastic
  • supporting connective tissue
    • cartilage
      • hyaline cartilage
      • fibrous cartilage
      • elastic cartilage
    • bone tissue
      • compact bone
      • spongy bone
  • liquid connective tissue
    • blood
    • lymph plasma
117
Q

classification of proper connective tissue

A
  • loose connective tissue
    - areolar
    - adipose
    - reticular
  • dense connective tissue
    - dense regular
    - dense irregular
    - elastic
118
Q

classification of supporting connective tissue

A
  • cartilage
    - hyaline cartilage
    - fibrous cartilage
    - elastic cartilage
  • bone tissue
    - compact bone
    - spongy bone
119
Q

classification of liquid connective tissue

A
  • blood

- lymph plasma

120
Q

classification of loose connective tissue

A
  • areolar
  • adipose
  • reticular
121
Q

classification of dense connective tissue

A
  • dense regular
  • dense irregular
  • elastic
122
Q

classification of cartilage

A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • fibrous cartilage
  • elastic cartilage
123
Q

classification of bone tissue

A
  • compact bone

- spongy bone

124
Q

broad classification of connective tissue

A
  • connective tissue proper
  • supporting connective tissue
  • liquid connective tissue
125
Q

areolar connective tissue

A
  • most generalized type of conncetive tissue
  • widely distributed: in and around nearly every body structure
    • “packing material” of the body
  • subcutaneous layer of skin, dermis of skin, lamina propria of mucous membranes, around blood vessels, nerves and body organs
  • consists of:
    • fibers: randomly arranged collagen, elastic, reticular
    • cells: fibroblasts, adipocytes, wbc
    • ground substance: gelatinous (semifluid)
      functions: strenght, elasticity, support
126
Q

areolar connective tissue - function

A
  • strength
  • elasticity
  • support
127
Q

loose connective tissue: adipose

A
  • contains adipocytes (derived from fibroblasts)
    • cells specialized for triglyceride storage: stored as one large, centrally located droplet (cytoplasm and nucleus are pushed to the cell periphery)
  • functions: reduces heat loss, energy reserve, supports and protects organs
128
Q

loose connective tissue: adipose - functions

A
  • reduces heat loss
  • energy reserve
  • supports and protects organs
129
Q

loose connective tissue: reticular

A
  • network or reticular fibers and reticular cells
  • forms stroma (framework) of organs
    • ex. liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow
  • ties cells of smooth muscles together
  • reticular fibers can act as filters
    • ex. in spleen: filters blood to remove worn out red blood cells
    • ex. in lymph nodes: filters the lymph to remove microbes
130
Q

loose connective tissue: reticular - function

A
  • forms stroma (framework) of organs
    • ex. liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow
  • ties cells of smooth muscles together
  • reticular fibers can act as filters
    • ex. in spleen: filters blood to remove worn out red blood cells
    • ex. in lymph nodes: filters the lymph to remove microbes
131
Q

dense connective tissue

A
  • contains more numerous fibers and fewer cells than loose connective tissue
  • fibers are thicker and denser than in loose connective tissue
  • 3 types: dense regular, dense irregular, elastic
132
Q

dense connective tissue: regular

A
  • collagen fibers regularly arranged in parallel bundles with fibroblast cells in between
    • collagen is not living so tissue does not heal quickly
  • found in tendons and ligaments
  • provides great tensile strength along the fiber axis
    • strong attachment
133
Q

dense connective tissue: regular - function

A
  • provides great tensile strength along the fiber axis

- strong attachment

134
Q

dense connective tissue: irregular

A
  • collagen fibers are irregularly arranged with a few fibroblasts
  • often occurs as sheets such as fasciae (tissue beneath skin and around muscles and organs)
  • tissue can resist tension from any direction
  • makes for very “tough tissues”
    • white of eyeballs, dermis, membranes surrounding the heart, cartilage and bones
135
Q

dense connective tissue: irregular - function

A
  • can resist tension from any direction
  • makes for very “tough tissues”
    • white of eyeballs, dermis, membranes surrounding the heart, cartilage and bones
136
Q

elastic connective tissue

A
  • composed of elastic fibers and fibroblasts
  • can stretch and return to its original shape so it’s very strong
  • found in lung tissue, vocal cords, ligaments between vertebrae and blood vessels
137
Q

elastic connective tissue - function

A

can stretch and return to its original shape so it’s very strong

138
Q

elastic connective tissue - location

A
  • lung tissue
  • vocal cords
  • ligaments between vertebrae
  • blood vessels
139
Q

cartilage

A
  • supporting connective tissue that consists of a dense network of collagen fibes and elastic fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate (rubbery matrix)
    • collagen fibers make cartilagge strong
    • the chondroitin sulfate makes the cartilage resilient
  • does not have nerves or blood vessels (unlike other connective tissue)
    • secretes anti-angiogenesis factor, which prevents blood vessel growth
  • produced by chondroblasts: mature cartilage contains chondrocytes (cartilage cells)
  • surrounded by a dense irregular connective tissue membrane called the perichondrium
  • 3 types: hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
140
Q

hyaline cartilage

A
  • “glassy”
  • most abundant but weakest type of cartilage
  • thin, fine collagen fibers (not visible)
  • abundant chondrocytes in lacunae (small spaces = little lakes) surrounded by perichondrium
  • ground substance is a resilient gel
    • reduces friction and absorbs shock in joints
141
Q

hyaline cartilage - function

A

reduces friction and absorbs shock in joints

142
Q

fibrocartilage

A
  • many more collagen fibers causes rigidity and stiffness
  • chondrocytes scattered among clearly visible, thick bundles of collagen fibers
  • lacks perichondrium
  • strongest type of cartilage
    • intervertebral discs
143
Q

elastic cartilage

A
  • chondrocytes are located within a threadlike matrix of elastic fibers
  • has perichondrium
  • provides shape and elasticity so it maintains shape after deformations
    • found in ear, nose, vocal cartilages, epiglottis
144
Q

elastic cartilage - location

A
  • ear
  • nose
  • vocal cartilage
  • epiglottis
145
Q

bone tissue

A
  • mineralized extracellular matrix
    • calcium and phosphate give hardness
    • interwoven collagen fibers give strength
  • lacunae contain osteocytes (mature bone cells)
  • can be classified as compact or spongy depending on the arrangement of cells and matrix
146
Q

liquid connective tissue

A
  • liquid extracellular matrux
  • two types of liquid connective tissue
    • blood
    • lymph
147
Q

blood

A
  • connective tissue with liquid matrix (ex. blood plasma)
  • cell types include:
    • erythrocytes (rbc)
    • leukocytes (wbc)
    • platelets (cells fragments)
  • found within blood vessels and heart chambers
  • functions: clotting, immune functions, transport O2 and CO2, nutrients and wastes
148
Q

blood - funtions

A
  • clotting
  • immune functions
  • transport O2 and CO2, nutrients and wastes
149
Q

membranes

A
  • are flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body
  • 2 types: epithelial and synovial
150
Q

epithelial membrane

A
  • consists of epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer
  • 3 types:
    • mucous membranes
    • serous membranes
    • cutaneous membranes
151
Q

types of epithelial membranes

A
  • mucous membranes
  • serous membranes
  • cutaneous membranes
152
Q

synovial membrane

A
  • lines joints

- contains connective tissue but no epithelium

153
Q

mucous membranes

A
  • consist of epithelium over a layer of areolar connective tissue
  • line body cavities that open directly onto the exterior (outside) of the body
    • ex. digestive, reproductive, and most of the urinary tract
  • epithelial layer acts as barriers to microbes
    • connected by tight junctions
  • goblet cells secrete mucus onto the surface, preventing it from drying out
    • also lubricates and traps pathogens
  • epithelium is underlined with areolar connective tissue (lamina propria)
154
Q

mucous membranes - function

A
  • epithelial layer acts as barriers to microbes
    • connected by tight junctions
  • goblet cells secrete mucus onto the surface, preventing it from drying out
    • also lubricates and traps pathogens
155
Q

mucous membranes - location

A
  • digestive
  • reproductive
  • most of urinary tract
156
Q

serous membranes

A
  • lines body cavities that do not open to the exterior
    • abdominal and thoracic cavities
      consist of parietal and visceral layers with serous fluid in between
    • pleura covers lungs, pericardium covers heart, peritoneum covers the visceral organs
    • membrane layers consist of mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium) underlined with areolar connective tissue
157
Q

cutaneous membranes

A
  • covers body surface
  • consists of:
    • epidermis: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
    • dermis: areolar and irregular dense connective tissue
158
Q

epidermis

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that makes cutaneous membranes

159
Q

dermis

A

areolar and irregular dense connective tissue that makes cutaneous membranes

160
Q

synovial membranes

A
  • line joint cavities of all moveable joints
    • contains connective tissue, but no epithelium (no epithelial cells)
  • discontinuous layer of cells called synoviocytes
    • produce synovial fluid to lubricate joints
161
Q

synoviocytes

A

discontinuous layer of cells that make synovial membranes and produce synovial fluid to lubricate joints

162
Q

muscular tissue

A
  • consists of long cells called muscle fibers
    • each cell contains many contractile proteins composed of actin and myosin
    • use ATP to create force and movement such as motion, posture and heat
163
Q

muscular tissue - function

A

to use ATP to create force and movement such as motion, posture and heat

164
Q

types of muscle tissue

A
  1. skeletal muscle tissue
    • attaches to bones with tendons to promote voluntary movement
  2. cardiac muscle tissue
    • branched, interconnecting at specialized junctions for rapid relay
  3. smooth muscle tissue
    • contracts slowly, involuntary control, found in internal organs
165
Q

skeletal muscle

A
  • consists of long, cylindrical, striated fibers (cells)
    • cells are long and cylindrical with many peripheral nuclei
    • has visible light and dark banding
  • responsible for voluntary contraction/relaxation
  • attached to bones by tendons
  • functions: motion, posture, heat production, protection
166
Q

skeletal muscle - function

A
  • motion
  • posture
  • heat production
  • protection
167
Q

cardiac muscle

A
  • forms most of the walls of the heart and pumps blood to all the parts of the body
  • cells are branched striated cylinders with one central nucleus
  • cells are attached together and communicate with each other by intercalated discs (thickenings of plasma membrane that contain gap junctions and desmosomes)
168
Q

intercalated discs

A

thickenings of plasma membrane that contain gap junctions and desmosomes

169
Q

cardiac muscle - function

A

form wall of heart and pump blood to all parts of the body

170
Q

smooth muscle

A
  • spindle-shaped cell with a single central nucleus
    • lack striations (smooth)
    • cells are often connected by gap junctions to quickly send messeges back and forth
  • found in walls of hollow organs (blood vessels, GI tract, bladder, …)
  • involuntary contraction/relaxation
171
Q

smooth muscle - location

A

walls of hollow organs

  • blood vessels
  • GI tract
  • bladder
172
Q

smooth muscle - function

A

responsible for involuntary contraction/relaxation

173
Q

nervous tissue

A

two cell types:

  1. neurons: function cells of nervous system that conduct electrical impulses and are made of:
    • dendrites: receive info and conduct signals toward the cell body
    • cell body: contains nucleus
    • axons: conduct signals away from the cell body
  2. neuroglial cells: supportive cells
    • insulate axons for faster conduction, nourish and regulare neuronal function
174
Q

neurons

A

function cells of nervous system that conduct electrical impulses and are made of:

  • dendrites: receives info and conduct signals towards the cell body
  • cell body: contains nucleus
  • axons: conduct signals away from the cell body
175
Q

neuroglial cells

A

supportive cells

- insulate axons for faster conduction, nourish and regulate neuronal function

176
Q

dendrites

A

receives info and conduct signals towards the cell body in neurons

177
Q

cell body

A

contains nucleus in the neuron

178
Q

axons

A

conduct signals away from the cell body in neurons

179
Q

nervous tissue - functions

A
  • senses stimuli and converts them into action potential (nerve impulses)
  • conducts nerve impulses to other neurons, muscle fibers or glands
  • responsible for maintaning homeostasis and for everything we do
180
Q

nervous tissue - location

A
  • CNS: brain and spinal cord

- PNS: nerves containing sensory and motor neurons

181
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

182
Q

PNS

A

nerves containing sensory and motor neurons

BIOL1190 (7 decks)

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