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BIOL1190 > CH 1: Intro to Human Body > Flashcards

CH 1: Intro to Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

study of the form

- science of body structures and relationship btw them

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2
Q

physiology

A

study of function

- science of how body parts work

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3
Q

levels of organization

A
  1. chemical level
    - atoms and molecules
    - C, H, P, O, N, S (Ca+)
  2. cellular level
    - basic structural and functional units
  3. tissue level
    - cells + surrounding environment
  4. organ level
    - 2+ tissues that work together
  5. system level
    - related organs with a common function
  6. organism level
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4
Q

organ system - definition

A
  • association of organs that have a common function
  • each organ has more than one function
  • 11 organ systems that work together to form human
  • organ systems are interdependant
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5
Q

organ systems - list

A
  • reproductive
  • intergumentary
  • skeletal
  • muscular
  • nervous
  • circulatory
  • endocrine
  • lymphatic
  • digestive
  • respiratory
  • urinary
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6
Q

intergumentary system

A
  • covers and protects body against physical injury, infection, excessive heat or cold or water loss
  • includes:
    • hair
    • skin and associated glands
    • fingernails
    • toenails
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7
Q

skeletal system

A
  • supports body, protects organs, and provides a framework for muscles
  • divided into axial and appendicular
  • includes:
    • bone
    • cartilage
    • joint
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8
Q

muscular system

A
  • moves body, maintains posture, and produces heat
  • includes:
    • skeletal muscle
    • tendon
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9
Q

cardiovascular system

A
  • transports nutrients, oxygen and wastes around the body
  • includes:
    • heart
    • blood vessels: vein and artery
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10
Q

respiratory system

A
  • exchanges 02 and CO2 btw body and the environment
  • includes:
    • oral cavity
    • nasal cavity
    • pharynx
    • larynx
    • trachea
    • bronchus
    • lung
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11
Q

lymphatic (immune) system

A
  • protects body from pathogens + aids in transport
  • includes:
    • pharyngeal tonsil
    • palatine tonsil
    • lingual tonsil
    • thymus
    • thoracic duct
    • spleen
    • lymph nodes
    • lymphatic vessel
    • red bone marrow
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12
Q

basic life processes

A
  1. metabolism
    - total of all chemical reactions that occur in the body
    - catabolism and anabolism
  2. responsiveness
    - ability to detect and respind to external and internal stimuli
    - ability to be scared, feel cold, …
  3. movement
    - move in response to goals, either at teh whole-body level, organ level, cellular level, or organelle level
  4. growth
    - increase in body size due to increase in individual cell size and/or number of cells
    - bacteria grow in numbers and not size
  5. differentiation
    - change from unspecialized (stem cells) to a specialized state
  6. reproduction
    - life giving rise to life, at cellular and organism level
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13
Q

homeostasis

A

active maintenance of equilibrium or relatively stable internal conditions despite fluctuation of the external environment

  • for cells to survive, volume and composition of interstitial fluids must be precisely maintained at all times
  • parameters need to stay within a narrow range (always fluctuating up and down)
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14
Q

examples of parameters

A
  • blood pressure
  • blood volume
  • blood glucose level
  • electrolytes
  • hormone levels
  • O2 concentration
  • CO2 concentration
  • temperature
  • pH
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15
Q

regulation of homeostasis

A
  • regulated by nervous system and endocrine system: can work together or independently
  • detect external and internal stimuli and trigger actions that counteract changes
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16
Q

external stimuli - examples

A
  • heat
  • cold
  • light
  • lack of O2
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17
Q

internal stimuli - examples

A
  • phsychological stressors

- exercise

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18
Q

nervous system in homeostasis

A
  • detect changes and sends nervous impulses to counteract disruption
  • works faster than endocrine system
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19
Q

endocrine system in homeostasis

A
  • regulated by secreting hormones

- works a little slower compared to nervous system

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20
Q

feedback system

A
  • cycle of events in which info about the status of a controlled condition is continually monitored and fed back (reported) to a central control region
  • used to maintain homeostasis
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21
Q

stimulus

A

any disruption that changes a controlled condition

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22
Q

components of feedback systems

A
  1. receptor
    - continually monitors a controlled condition
    - sends info to control centre
  2. control center
    - determines set point and next action
    - receives info from sensors and coordinates a response
  3. effector
    - exerts the response
    - receives directions from control center
    - produces a response that changes the controlled condition
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23
Q

receptor

A

component of feedback system

  • continually monitors a controlled condition
  • sends info to control centre
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24
Q

control center

A

component of feedback system

  • determines set point and next action
  • receives info from sensors and coordinates a response
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25
Q

effector

A

component of feedback system

  • exerts the response
  • receives directions from control center
  • produces a response that changes the controlled condition
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26
Q

feedback system - types

A
  • positive

- negative

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27
Q

negative feedback

A
  • change that triggers a response that opposes the intital change
  • reverses original stimulus
  • prevents small changes from becoming too large
  • stabilizes system, maintains parameters at a set points
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28
Q

negative feedback loop

A

output reverse the original stimulus and helps bring the system back to homeostasis

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29
Q

positive feedback

A
  • system reinforces a move away from normal, by reinforcing change in controlled condition
  • can only be turned off by something external to system
  • response enhances the original stimulus
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30
Q

positive feedback loop

A

output acts to further increase the original stimulus (snowball effect)

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31
Q

homeostatic imbalances

A

disruption of homeostasis

- can lead to disorders, disease or even death

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32
Q

disorder

A

general term for any change or abnormality of structure or function

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33
Q

disease

A

more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms

  • can be local or systemic
  • most due to failures of feedback mechanisms
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34
Q

hyperglycemia

A

= high blood glucose

  • blurred vision
  • weight loss
  • recurrent infections
  • frequent hunger/thirst/urination
  • can lead to diabetic coma and if left untreated to death
35
Q

hypoglycemia

A

= low blood glucose

  • confusion
  • loss of consciousness
  • seizures
  • coma
  • death
36
Q

anatomical position

A

standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references

  • standing upright
  • facing the observer, head level
  • eyes facing forward
  • feet flat on the floor
  • arms at the sides
  • palms turned forward (ventral)
37
Q

prone position

A

body is lying face down

38
Q

supine position

A

body is lying face up

39
Q

superior

A

toward the head, or upper part of a structure (not used in reference to relative positions within limbs)

40
Q

inferior

A

away from the head or the lower part of a structure (not used in reference to relative positions within limbs)

41
Q

anterior

A

nearer to or at the front of the body

42
Q

posterior

A

nearer to or at the back of the body

43
Q

medial

A

nearer to the midline

44
Q

midline

A

imaginary longitudinal line that divides the body externally into equal right and left sides

45
Q

lateral

A

farther from the midline

46
Q

intermediate

A

between two structures

47
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side of the body as another structure

48
Q

contralateral

A

on the opposite side of the body from another structure

49
Q

proximal

A
  • nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk

- nearer to the origination of a structure

50
Q

distal

A
  • farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk

- farther from the origination of a structure

51
Q

superficial

A

toward or on the surface of the body

52
Q

deep

A

away from the surface of the body

53
Q

plane

A

imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body

54
Q

body division - planes

A
  • sagittal/median
    • parasagittal/paramedian
  • coronal/frontal
  • trasverse
  • oblique
55
Q

sagittal plane

A
  • aka median

- divides the body or the organ at the exact middle into left and right

56
Q

parasagittal plane

A
  • aka paramedian

- divides the body/organ not at the exact middle into left and right

57
Q

coronal plane

A
  • aka frontal plane

- divides body/structure into anterior and posterior portions

58
Q

transverse plane

A

divides body/structure into superior and inferior

59
Q

oblique plane

A

pass through body at any other angle

60
Q

cavities - list

A
  • cranial
  • thoracic
  • abdominopelvic
61
Q

cranial cavity

A
  • formed by cranial bones

- contains brain

62
Q

vertebral canal

A
  • formed by vertebral column

- contains spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves

63
Q

thoracic cavity

A
  • chest cavity

- contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum

64
Q

pleural cavity

A

potential space between layers of pleura that surrounds a lung

65
Q

pericardial cavity

A

potential space btw layers of pericardium that surrounds heart

66
Q

mediastinum

A
  • central portion of thoracic cavity btw the lungs
  • extends from sternum to vertebral columns and from first rib to diaphragm
  • contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
67
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities

68
Q

abdominal cavity

A 
contains:
- stomach
- spleen
- liver
- gallbladder 
- small intestine
- most of large intestine
serous membrane is peritoneum
69
Q

peritoneum

A
  • serous membrane that lines viscera in abdominal cavity

- visceral peritoneoum and parietal peritoneum with peritoneal cavity between

70
Q

pelvic cavity

A

contains:

  • urinary bladder
  • portions of large intestine
  • internal organs of reproduction
71
Q

body cavities

A

spaces within the body that help protect, separate or support internal structures

72
Q

serous membranes

A
  • thin, double-layered membranes that line any body cavity that does not opne to the exterior of the body
  • made of visceral layer and parietal layer
73
Q

visceral layer

A
  • found in serous membranes

- covers and adheres to viscera

74
Q

viscera

A

organs within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

75
Q

parietal layer

A
  • found in serous membranes

- small space (cavity) btw the layers contains serous fluid that provides lubrication to reduce frinction

76
Q

serous fluid - function

A

to provide lubrication to reduce friction

77
Q

serous membranes - types

A
  • pleura
  • pericardium
  • peritoneum
78
Q

pericardium

A
  • serous membrane that covers heart

- visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium with pericardial cavity between

79
Q

pleura

A
  • serous membrane that covers lungs
  • visceral pleura and parietal pleura with pleural cavity between
  • 2 pleural cavities
80
Q

diaphragm

A

separates thoracic from abdominopelvic cavity

81
Q

retroperitoneal organs

A
  • posterior to peritoneum
  • include:
    • kidneys
    • ureters
    • adrenal glands
    • pancreas
    • duodenum
    • ascending and descending colons
82
Q

abdominopelvic regions description methods

A
  • 4 lines dividing cavity into 9 regions

- 2 lines dividing cavity into 4 quadrants

83
Q

abdominopelvic regions

A

midclavicular planes, subcostal plane, transtubercular plane

  • right hypochondriac region
  • epigastric region
  • left hypochondric region
  • right lateral region
  • umbilical region
  • left lateral region
  • right inguinal region
  • hypogastric region
  • left inguinal region
84
Q

abdominopelvic quadrants

A

median plane and transumbilical plane

  • RUQ
  • LUQ
  • RLQ
  • LLQ

BIOL1190 (7 decks)

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