CH 1: Intro to Human Body Flashcards
1
Q
anatomy
A
study of the form
- science of body structures and relationship btw them
2
Q
physiology
A
study of function
- science of how body parts work
3
Q
levels of organization
A
- chemical level
- atoms and molecules
- C, H, P, O, N, S (Ca+) - cellular level
- basic structural and functional units - tissue level
- cells + surrounding environment - organ level
- 2+ tissues that work together - system level
- related organs with a common function - organism level
4
Q
organ system - definition
A
- association of organs that have a common function
- each organ has more than one function
- 11 organ systems that work together to form human
- organ systems are interdependant
5
Q
organ systems - list
A
- reproductive
- intergumentary
- skeletal
- muscular
- nervous
- circulatory
- endocrine
- lymphatic
- digestive
- respiratory
- urinary
6
Q
intergumentary system
A
- covers and protects body against physical injury, infection, excessive heat or cold or water loss
- includes:
- hair
- skin and associated glands
- fingernails
- toenails
7
Q
skeletal system
A
- supports body, protects organs, and provides a framework for muscles
- divided into axial and appendicular
- includes:
- bone
- cartilage
- joint
8
Q
muscular system
A
- moves body, maintains posture, and produces heat
- includes:
- skeletal muscle
- tendon
9
Q
cardiovascular system
A
- transports nutrients, oxygen and wastes around the body
- includes:
- heart
- blood vessels: vein and artery
10
Q
respiratory system
A
- exchanges 02 and CO2 btw body and the environment
- includes:
- oral cavity
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchus
- lung
11
Q
lymphatic (immune) system
A
- protects body from pathogens + aids in transport
- includes:
- pharyngeal tonsil
- palatine tonsil
- lingual tonsil
- thymus
- thoracic duct
- spleen
- lymph nodes
- lymphatic vessel
- red bone marrow
12
Q
basic life processes
A
- metabolism
- total of all chemical reactions that occur in the body
- catabolism and anabolism - responsiveness
- ability to detect and respind to external and internal stimuli
- ability to be scared, feel cold, … - movement
- move in response to goals, either at teh whole-body level, organ level, cellular level, or organelle level - growth
- increase in body size due to increase in individual cell size and/or number of cells
- bacteria grow in numbers and not size - differentiation
- change from unspecialized (stem cells) to a specialized state - reproduction
- life giving rise to life, at cellular and organism level
13
Q
homeostasis
A
active maintenance of equilibrium or relatively stable internal conditions despite fluctuation of the external environment
- for cells to survive, volume and composition of interstitial fluids must be precisely maintained at all times
- parameters need to stay within a narrow range (always fluctuating up and down)
14
Q
examples of parameters
A
- blood pressure
- blood volume
- blood glucose level
- electrolytes
- hormone levels
- O2 concentration
- CO2 concentration
- temperature
- pH
15
Q
regulation of homeostasis
A
- regulated by nervous system and endocrine system: can work together or independently
- detect external and internal stimuli and trigger actions that counteract changes
16
Q
external stimuli - examples
A
- heat
- cold
- light
- lack of O2
17
Q
internal stimuli - examples
A
- phsychological stressors
- exercise
18
Q
nervous system in homeostasis
A
- detect changes and sends nervous impulses to counteract disruption
- works faster than endocrine system
19
Q
endocrine system in homeostasis
A
- regulated by secreting hormones
- works a little slower compared to nervous system
20
Q
feedback system
A
- cycle of events in which info about the status of a controlled condition is continually monitored and fed back (reported) to a central control region
- used to maintain homeostasis
21
Q
stimulus
A
any disruption that changes a controlled condition
22
Q
components of feedback systems
A
- receptor
- continually monitors a controlled condition
- sends info to control centre - control center
- determines set point and next action
- receives info from sensors and coordinates a response - effector
- exerts the response
- receives directions from control center
- produces a response that changes the controlled condition
23
Q
receptor
A
component of feedback system
- continually monitors a controlled condition
- sends info to control centre
24
Q
control center
A
component of feedback system
- determines set point and next action
- receives info from sensors and coordinates a response
25
effector
component of feedback system
- exerts the response
- receives directions from control center
- produces a response that changes the controlled condition
26
feedback system - types
- positive
| - negative
27
negative feedback
- change that triggers a response that opposes the intital change
- reverses original stimulus
- prevents small changes from becoming too large
- stabilizes system, maintains parameters at a set points
28
negative feedback loop
output reverse the original stimulus and helps bring the system back to homeostasis
29
positive feedback
- system reinforces a move away from normal, by reinforcing change in controlled condition
- can only be turned off by something external to system
- response enhances the original stimulus
30
positive feedback loop
output acts to further increase the original stimulus (snowball effect)
31
homeostatic imbalances
disruption of homeostasis
| - can lead to disorders, disease or even death
32
disorder
general term for any change or abnormality of structure or function
33
disease
more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
- can be local or systemic
- most due to failures of feedback mechanisms
34
hyperglycemia
= high blood glucose
- blurred vision
- weight loss
- recurrent infections
- frequent hunger/thirst/urination
- can lead to diabetic coma and if left untreated to death
35
hypoglycemia
= low blood glucose
- confusion
- loss of consciousness
- seizures
- coma
- death
36
anatomical position
standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references
- standing upright
- facing the observer, head level
- eyes facing forward
- feet flat on the floor
- arms at the sides
- palms turned forward (ventral)
37
prone position
body is lying face down
38
supine position
body is lying face up
39
superior
toward the head, or upper part of a structure (not used in reference to relative positions within limbs)
40
inferior
away from the head or the lower part of a structure (not used in reference to relative positions within limbs)
41
anterior
nearer to or at the front of the body
42
posterior
nearer to or at the back of the body
43
medial
nearer to the midline
44
midline
imaginary longitudinal line that divides the body externally into equal right and left sides
45
lateral
farther from the midline
46
intermediate
between two structures
47
ipsilateral
on the same side of the body as another structure
48
contralateral
on the opposite side of the body from another structure
49
proximal
- nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
| - nearer to the origination of a structure
50
distal
- farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
| - farther from the origination of a structure
51
superficial
toward or on the surface of the body
52
deep
away from the surface of the body
53
plane
imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body
54
body division - planes
- sagittal/median
- parasagittal/paramedian
- coronal/frontal
- trasverse
- oblique
55
sagittal plane
- aka median
| - divides the body or the organ at the exact middle into left and right
56
parasagittal plane
- aka paramedian
| - divides the body/organ not at the exact middle into left and right
57
coronal plane
- aka frontal plane
| - divides body/structure into anterior and posterior portions
58
transverse plane
divides body/structure into superior and inferior
59
oblique plane
pass through body at any other angle
60
cavities - list
- cranial
- thoracic
- abdominopelvic
61
cranial cavity
- formed by cranial bones
| - contains brain
62
vertebral canal
- formed by vertebral column
| - contains spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves
63
thoracic cavity
- chest cavity
| - contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum
64
pleural cavity
potential space between layers of pleura that surrounds a lung
65
pericardial cavity
potential space btw layers of pericardium that surrounds heart
66
mediastinum
- central portion of thoracic cavity btw the lungs
- extends from sternum to vertebral columns and from first rib to diaphragm
- contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
67
abdominopelvic cavity
subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities
68
abdominal cavity
```
contains:
- stomach
- spleen
- liver
- gallbladder
- small intestine
- most of large intestine
serous membrane is peritoneum
```
69
peritoneum
- serous membrane that lines viscera in abdominal cavity
| - visceral peritoneoum and parietal peritoneum with peritoneal cavity between
70
pelvic cavity
contains:
- urinary bladder
- portions of large intestine
- internal organs of reproduction
71
body cavities
spaces within the body that help protect, separate or support internal structures
72
serous membranes
- thin, double-layered membranes that line any body cavity that does not opne to the exterior of the body
- made of visceral layer and parietal layer
73
visceral layer
- found in serous membranes
| - covers and adheres to viscera
74
viscera
organs within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
75
parietal layer
- found in serous membranes
| - small space (cavity) btw the layers contains serous fluid that provides lubrication to reduce frinction
76
serous fluid - function
to provide lubrication to reduce friction
77
serous membranes - types
- pleura
- pericardium
- peritoneum
78
pericardium
- serous membrane that covers heart
| - visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium with pericardial cavity between
79
pleura
- serous membrane that covers lungs
- visceral pleura and parietal pleura with pleural cavity between
- 2 pleural cavities
80
diaphragm
separates thoracic from abdominopelvic cavity
81
retroperitoneal organs
- posterior to peritoneum
- include:
- kidneys
- ureters
- adrenal glands
- pancreas
- duodenum
- ascending and descending colons
82
abdominopelvic regions description methods
- 4 lines dividing cavity into 9 regions
| - 2 lines dividing cavity into 4 quadrants
83
abdominopelvic regions
midclavicular planes, subcostal plane, transtubercular plane
- right hypochondriac region
- epigastric region
- left hypochondric region
- right lateral region
- umbilical region
- left lateral region
- right inguinal region
- hypogastric region
- left inguinal region
84
abdominopelvic quadrants
median plane and transumbilical plane
- RUQ
- LUQ
- RLQ
- LLQ
