CH 2: Chemical Level Flashcards
1
Q
major classes of macromolecules
A
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- lipids
- nucleic acids
2
Q
organic compounds
A
- compounds synthesized by cells and containing carbon
- must contain 1+ C atoms covalently bonded to atoms of other elements (H, O, N, …)
- make proteins, DNA, carbohydrates and other molecules
3
Q
polymer forming macromolecules
A
- carbohydrates
- nucleic acids
- proteins
4
Q
macromolecules - composition
A
made by small building blocks covalently bonded together to form large molecules
5
Q
polymer
A
large molecule consisting of many identical/similar molecular units strung together
6
Q
monomer
A
units that serve as building blocks of polymers
7
Q
dehydration reaction
A
process by which cells link monomers together to form polymers
8
Q
hydrolysis reaction
A
process by which cells break down polymers to monomers
9
Q
carbohydrates
A
- provide en- to cells (ATP)
- contain many -OH groups
- 3 different types:
- monosaccharides
- simplest form
- ex. glucose
- disaccharides
- 2 monosaccharides together
- ex. sucrose = glucose + fructose
- polysaccharides
- long chains of monosaccharides
- ex. starch, glycogen
- monosaccharides
10
Q
monosaccharides
A
- type of carbohydrate
- simplest form
- ex. glucose
11
Q
disaccharides
A
- type of carbohydrate
- 2 monosaccharides together
- ex. sucrose = glucose + fructose
12
Q
polysaccharides
A
- type of carbohydrate
- long chains of monosaccharides
- ex. starch, glycogen
13
Q
examples of polysaccharides
A
- glycogen
- starch
- cellulose
14
Q
glycogen
A
- en- storage polysaccharide of animals
- humans and other vertebrates store it mainly in the liver and skeletal muscles
- contains glucose monomers
15
Q
starch
A
- en- storage polysaccharide of plants
- consists of glucose monomers (idnetical to glycogen but less compact and unbranched)
16
Q
cellulose
A
- structural polysaccharide in plants - main component of plant cell walls
- made of glucose (linked differently than starch and glycogen)
- most abundant organic material on earth
17
Q
lipids
A
- diverse compounds that are grouped together because they do not mix well with water as they are hydrophobic
- hydrophobic b/c made of hydrocarbons (made of hydrogen and carbin with some oxygen) - made of non-polar covalent bonds
- include: triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids
- not formed by monomers linked together
18
Q
triglycerides
A
- aka fats
- function: en- storage
- made from 2 kinds of smaller molecules: 1 glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids
- fatty acids attached to glycerol by dehydration synthesis
- vary based on type of fatty acids it contains
- vary in length (# of C atoms) and in number and location of double bonds (saturated and unsaturated)
19
Q
saturated fatty acids
A
- tryglycerides - lipids
- have maximum # of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds
- solid at room temperature
- mainly derived from animals
20
Q
unsaturated fatty acids
A
- triglycerides - lipids
- have one or more double bonds
- liquid at room temperature
- mainly derived from plants (cis fatty acids)
- can contain cis or trans double bonds
- trans fatty acids are mostrly produced (increase LDH -bad cholesterol - and decrease HDL - good cholesterol thus increasing the risk of heart disease)
21
Q
phospholipids
A
- type of lipid
- similar to fats but contain phosphate group
- amphipatic: have both hydrophobic and hydriphilic regions
- form bilayers - they are basis of cellular membranes
22
Q
steroids
A
- type of lipid
- have carbon skeleton bent to form 4 fused rings
- made from cholesterol (4-ring structure) as a starting molecule
- ex. some vitamins, bile salts, some hormones
23
Q
cholesterol
A
- 4-ring structure that is the starting material for the synthesis of other steroids
- important component of cell membranes
24
Q
proteins
A
- most diverse class of macromolecules
- contain: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
- responsible nearly for every dynamic function in the body
25
protein - function
- give structure to body
- regulate processes
- provide protection
- help muscles contract
- transport substances
- serve as enzymes
26
amino acids
- monomers of proteins
- 20 different amino acids
- all have same general structure but different R groups
27
protein structure
- determines protein function
| - determined by sequence of amino acids that different in length and are linked together by dehydration synthesis
28
protein structure - levels
- primary
- secondary
- tertiary
- quaternary
29
primary structure of proteins
linear sequence of amino acids
30
secondary structure of proteins
alpha-helix and beta-sheets formed by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone
31
tertiary structure of proteins
3-D structure formed by interactions between R groups
32
quaternary structure of proteins
association of multiple polypeptides
33
denaturation
- loss of a protein's native structure
- denatured proteins can no longer perform their function as they become biologically inactive
- all proteins can be denatured but not all can be renatured
34
factors affecting protein structure
chemica; and physical conditions
- alterations in pH
- salt concentrations
- temperature
- other environmental factors
35
enzymes
- proteins that act as biological catalysts
- speed up chemical reactions by lowering the amount of activation energy required to start the reaction
- are not consumed or changed during reaction
- can be used over and over again
- they do not make non-spontaneous reactions spontaneous but rather speed up spontaneous reactions
- selective: determine which chemical reaction can or cannot occur - specifity determined by shape of enzyme
36
substrate
specific reactant on which enzyme acts
37
active site
site on an enzyme to which the substrate binds
38
nucleic acids
macromolecules that encode info required to build proteins
39
nucleic acids
= polymers made of nucleotides by dehydration synthesis (make polynucleotide chains)
40
nucleotides
- monomers that make up nucleic acids
| - all have phosphate group, pentose sugar and nitrogenous base
41
DNA
- deoxyribonucleic acid
- pentose sugar: deoxyribose
- nucleotides: A, T, C, G
(has one -OH at the bottom in the structure)
- consists of 2 strands that come together to form double helix
- strands held together by hydrogen bonds - complementary base pairing
42
RNA
- ribonucleic acid
- pentose sugar: ribose
- nucleotides: A, U (instead of T), C, G
(has two -OH at the bottom in the structure)
- consists of single polynucleotide strand
- folds into 3-D shape due to complementary base pairing
- 3 types: mRNA (messenger), rRNA, tRNA
43
ATP
- adenosine triphosphate
- couples anabolic and catabolic reactions: en- released by exergonic reaction (stored as ATP molecules) used to drive endergonic reaction
- is a renewable resource
44
energy coupling
- energy released from exergonic reaction is used to drive endergonic reactions
- mediated by ATP
45
ATP powering cellular work
- done through phosphorilation
- when ATP is hydrolized, it phosphorylates the reactant and en- is released
- ATP is used to drive almost all endergonic reactions in the cell
46
phosphorylation
transfer of a phosphate group when ATP powers cellular work
47
cellular respiration
process by which potential en- stored in food molecules is released and used to synthesize ATP
