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BIOL1190 > CH 2: Chemical Level > Flashcards

CH 2: Chemical Level Flashcards

1
Q

major classes of macromolecules

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • lipids
  • nucleic acids
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2
Q

organic compounds

A
  • compounds synthesized by cells and containing carbon
  • must contain 1+ C atoms covalently bonded to atoms of other elements (H, O, N, …)
  • make proteins, DNA, carbohydrates and other molecules
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3
Q

polymer forming macromolecules

A
  • carbohydrates
  • nucleic acids
  • proteins
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4
Q

macromolecules - composition

A

made by small building blocks covalently bonded together to form large molecules

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5
Q

polymer

A

large molecule consisting of many identical/similar molecular units strung together

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6
Q

monomer

A

units that serve as building blocks of polymers

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7
Q

dehydration reaction

A

process by which cells link monomers together to form polymers

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8
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

process by which cells break down polymers to monomers

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9
Q

carbohydrates

A
  • provide en- to cells (ATP)
  • contain many -OH groups
  • 3 different types:
    • monosaccharides
      • simplest form
      • ex. glucose
    • disaccharides
      • 2 monosaccharides together
      • ex. sucrose = glucose + fructose
    • polysaccharides
      • long chains of monosaccharides
      • ex. starch, glycogen
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10
Q

monosaccharides

A
  • type of carbohydrate
  • simplest form
  • ex. glucose
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11
Q

disaccharides

A
  • type of carbohydrate
  • 2 monosaccharides together
  • ex. sucrose = glucose + fructose
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12
Q

polysaccharides

A
  • type of carbohydrate
  • long chains of monosaccharides
  • ex. starch, glycogen
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13
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A
  • glycogen
  • starch
  • cellulose
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14
Q

glycogen

A
  • en- storage polysaccharide of animals
  • humans and other vertebrates store it mainly in the liver and skeletal muscles
  • contains glucose monomers
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15
Q

starch

A
  • en- storage polysaccharide of plants

- consists of glucose monomers (idnetical to glycogen but less compact and unbranched)

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16
Q

cellulose

A
  • structural polysaccharide in plants - main component of plant cell walls
  • made of glucose (linked differently than starch and glycogen)
  • most abundant organic material on earth
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17
Q

lipids

A
  • diverse compounds that are grouped together because they do not mix well with water as they are hydrophobic
    • hydrophobic b/c made of hydrocarbons (made of hydrogen and carbin with some oxygen) - made of non-polar covalent bonds
  • include: triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids
  • not formed by monomers linked together
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18
Q

triglycerides

A
  • aka fats
  • function: en- storage
  • made from 2 kinds of smaller molecules: 1 glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids
    • fatty acids attached to glycerol by dehydration synthesis
  • vary based on type of fatty acids it contains
  • vary in length (# of C atoms) and in number and location of double bonds (saturated and unsaturated)
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19
Q

saturated fatty acids

A
  • tryglycerides - lipids
  • have maximum # of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds
  • solid at room temperature
  • mainly derived from animals
20
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A
  • triglycerides - lipids
  • have one or more double bonds
  • liquid at room temperature
  • mainly derived from plants (cis fatty acids)
  • can contain cis or trans double bonds
  • trans fatty acids are mostrly produced (increase LDH -bad cholesterol - and decrease HDL - good cholesterol thus increasing the risk of heart disease)
21
Q

phospholipids

A
  • type of lipid
  • similar to fats but contain phosphate group
  • amphipatic: have both hydrophobic and hydriphilic regions
  • form bilayers - they are basis of cellular membranes
22
Q

steroids

A
  • type of lipid
  • have carbon skeleton bent to form 4 fused rings
  • made from cholesterol (4-ring structure) as a starting molecule
  • ex. some vitamins, bile salts, some hormones
23
Q

cholesterol

A
  • 4-ring structure that is the starting material for the synthesis of other steroids
  • important component of cell membranes
24
Q

proteins

A
  • most diverse class of macromolecules
  • contain: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
  • responsible nearly for every dynamic function in the body
25
Q

protein - function

A
  • give structure to body
  • regulate processes
  • provide protection
  • help muscles contract
  • transport substances
  • serve as enzymes
26
Q

amino acids

A
  • monomers of proteins
  • 20 different amino acids
  • all have same general structure but different R groups
27
Q

protein structure

A
  • determines protein function

- determined by sequence of amino acids that different in length and are linked together by dehydration synthesis

28
Q

protein structure - levels

A
  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary
  • quaternary
29
Q

primary structure of proteins

A

linear sequence of amino acids

30
Q

secondary structure of proteins

A

alpha-helix and beta-sheets formed by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone

31
Q

tertiary structure of proteins

A

3-D structure formed by interactions between R groups

32
Q

quaternary structure of proteins

A

association of multiple polypeptides

33
Q

denaturation

A
  • loss of a protein’s native structure
  • denatured proteins can no longer perform their function as they become biologically inactive
  • all proteins can be denatured but not all can be renatured
34
Q

factors affecting protein structure

A

chemica; and physical conditions

  • alterations in pH
  • salt concentrations
  • temperature
  • other environmental factors
35
Q

enzymes

A
  • proteins that act as biological catalysts
  • speed up chemical reactions by lowering the amount of activation energy required to start the reaction
  • are not consumed or changed during reaction
  • can be used over and over again
  • they do not make non-spontaneous reactions spontaneous but rather speed up spontaneous reactions
  • selective: determine which chemical reaction can or cannot occur - specifity determined by shape of enzyme
36
Q

substrate

A

specific reactant on which enzyme acts

37
Q

active site

A

site on an enzyme to which the substrate binds

38
Q

nucleic acids

A

macromolecules that encode info required to build proteins

39
Q

nucleic acids

A

= polymers made of nucleotides by dehydration synthesis (make polynucleotide chains)

40
Q

nucleotides

A
  • monomers that make up nucleic acids

- all have phosphate group, pentose sugar and nitrogenous base

41
Q

DNA

A
  • deoxyribonucleic acid
  • pentose sugar: deoxyribose
  • nucleotides: A, T, C, G
    (has one -OH at the bottom in the structure)
  • consists of 2 strands that come together to form double helix
  • strands held together by hydrogen bonds - complementary base pairing
42
Q

RNA

A
  • ribonucleic acid
  • pentose sugar: ribose
  • nucleotides: A, U (instead of T), C, G
    (has two -OH at the bottom in the structure)
  • consists of single polynucleotide strand
  • folds into 3-D shape due to complementary base pairing
  • 3 types: mRNA (messenger), rRNA, tRNA
43
Q

ATP

A
  • adenosine triphosphate
  • couples anabolic and catabolic reactions: en- released by exergonic reaction (stored as ATP molecules) used to drive endergonic reaction
  • is a renewable resource
44
Q

energy coupling

A
  • energy released from exergonic reaction is used to drive endergonic reactions
  • mediated by ATP
45
Q

ATP powering cellular work

A
  • done through phosphorilation
  • when ATP is hydrolized, it phosphorylates the reactant and en- is released
  • ATP is used to drive almost all endergonic reactions in the cell
46
Q

phosphorylation

A

transfer of a phosphate group when ATP powers cellular work

47
Q

cellular respiration

A

process by which potential en- stored in food molecules is released and used to synthesize ATP

BIOL1190 (7 decks)

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