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Psychological disorders > Ch. 4 Research methods in psychopathology > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Research methods in psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

research methodology

A

ways of obtaining information about critical questions regarding mental health and established approach leads to facts

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2
Q

hypothesis

A

an educated guess or a statement o be tested by data

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3
Q

research design

A

the plan for testing the hypothesis

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4
Q

dependent variable

A

some aspect of the phenomenon that is measured and is expected to be changed or influenced by the independent variable

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5
Q

independent variable

A

the aspect manipulated or thought to influence the change in the dependent variable

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6
Q

internal validity

A

the extent to which the results of the study can be attributed to the independent variable

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7
Q

external validity

A

the extent to which the results of the study can be generalized or applied outside the immediate study

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8
Q

confounding variable

A

factor making results uninterpretable

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9
Q

control group

A

people in experimental group who are not exposed to IV

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10
Q

randomization

A

make the group in control group and experimental group as equal as possible

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11
Q

clinical significance

A

if the difference was meaningful or not for those affected

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12
Q

statistical significance

A

mathematical calculation about the difference between groups

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13
Q

patient uniformity myth

A

individual differences among people with the same disorder

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14
Q

case study method

A

freud’s psychoanalytic theory, studied people over years and reported them heavily (no control group)

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15
Q

correlation

A

statistical relationship between two variables

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16
Q

positive correlation

A

higher scores in one variable = higher scores in other variable

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17
Q

negative correlation

A

reversed relationship between two variables

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18
Q

epidemiological research

A

incidence and prevalence of problems in a population

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19
Q

incidence

A

estimated number of new cases during a specific period

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20
Q

prevalence

A

the number of people with a disorder at one time

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21
Q

experimental designs

A

researchers change/manipulate IV to see effect of change on behaviour

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22
Q

clinical trial

A

an experiment that determines safety of a treatment

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23
Q

placebo effect

A

change in behaviour due to “expectation” of person

24
Q

double blind control

A

participants and researchers unaware of placebo

25
Q

single case experimental designs

A

systematic study of individuals under a variety of experimental conditions can help us understand individual psychopathology and can help explain why people engage in abnormal behaviour

26
Q

variability

A

behaviour change from day to day

27
Q

trend

A

important in determining cause of any change

28
Q

withdrawal designs

A

baseline is established, treatment begins and withdrawal of treatment

29
Q

drug holiday

A

period when medication is withdrawn

30
Q

multiple baselines

A

treatments started at differet times across settings , improves internal validity

31
Q

phenotype

A

presentation of disorder

32
Q

genotype

A

the genetics of the genes behind the behaviour

33
Q

human genome project

A

helpful identifying different genes that are involved

34
Q

endophenotypes

A

different presentations of phenotype (some people are more prone)

35
Q

family studies

A

behavioural patterns and emotional states studied in the context of family

36
Q

proban

A

a family member with trait who is singled out (looking at one person and comparing their traits to rest of family)

37
Q

adoption studies

A

researchers separate environmental from genetic influences

38
Q

twin studies

A

role of genes in development studies

39
Q

identical twins

A

monozygotic (identical genes)

40
Q

fraternal twins

A

dizygotic (different eggs)

41
Q

genetic linkage analysis

A

studying inherited characteristics (of disorders) in families

42
Q

genetic markers

A

exact location of genes that lead to disorder

43
Q

association studies

A

compare genetic markers in people with and without a disorder

44
Q

studying behaviour over time

A

studying developmental changes in abnormal behaviour is important because it provides insights into how problems are created and how they can become more serious

45
Q

prevention research

A

leads to interventions and prevention services

46
Q

Four prevention strategies

A

positive (health promotion, ways of reducing stress), Universal (may lead to a disorder, warning), Selective (telling people that are already at risk how to prevent it) Indicated (a group is prone to a disorder and showing signs)

47
Q

cross sectional designs

A

a cross-section of a population across different age groups are compared

48
Q

cohort

A

participants in each age group

49
Q

retrospective effect

A

provides inaccurate picture of how a disorder may have developed overtime

50
Q

longitudinal designs

A

researchers follow one group overtime and asses changes in same members

51
Q

sequential designs

A

repeated study of cohorts overtime

52
Q

studying behaviours across cultures

A

multiple research designs are employed, multiple perspectives considered before treatment

53
Q

replication

A

replicating findings increases confidence in findings

54
Q

replication crisis

A

findings are not duplicated even in carefully replicated studies

55
Q

informed consent

A

competence, voluntatism, full infromation, comprension

56
Q

for child research

A

consent from children’s caregivers and from child themselves if older than 7

Psychological disorders (4 decks)

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