Ch. 4 Research methods in psychopathology

Question 1

research methodology

Answer 1

ways of obtaining information about critical questions regarding mental health and established approach leads to facts

Question 2

hypothesis

Answer 2

an educated guess or a statement o be tested by data

Question 3

research design

Answer 3

the plan for testing the hypothesis

Question 4

dependent variable

Answer 4

some aspect of the phenomenon that is measured and is expected to be changed or influenced by the independent variable

Question 5

independent variable

Answer 5

the aspect manipulated or thought to influence the change in the dependent variable

Question 6

internal validity

Answer 6

the extent to which the results of the study can be attributed to the independent variable

Question 7

external validity

Answer 7

the extent to which the results of the study can be generalized or applied outside the immediate study

Question 8

confounding variable

Answer 8

factor making results uninterpretable

Question 9

control group

Answer 9

people in experimental group who are not exposed to IV

Question 10

randomization

Answer 10

make the group in control group and experimental group as equal as possible

Question 11

clinical significance

Answer 11

if the difference was meaningful or not for those affected

Question 12

statistical significance

Answer 12

mathematical calculation about the difference between groups

Question 13

patient uniformity myth

Answer 13

individual differences among people with the same disorder

Question 14

case study method

Answer 14

freud’s psychoanalytic theory, studied people over years and reported them heavily (no control group)

Question 15

correlation

Answer 15

statistical relationship between two variables

Question 16

positive correlation

Answer 16

higher scores in one variable = higher scores in other variable

Question 17

negative correlation

Answer 17

reversed relationship between two variables

Question 18

epidemiological research

Answer 18

incidence and prevalence of problems in a population

Question 19

incidence

Answer 19

estimated number of new cases during a specific period

Question 20

prevalence

Answer 20

the number of people with a disorder at one time

Question 21

experimental designs

Answer 21

researchers change/manipulate IV to see effect of change on behaviour

Question 22

clinical trial

Answer 22

an experiment that determines safety of a treatment

Question 23

placebo effect

Answer 23

change in behaviour due to “expectation” of person

Question 24

double blind control

Answer 24

participants and researchers unaware of placebo

Question 25

single case experimental designs

Answer 25

systematic study of individuals under a variety of experimental conditions can help us understand individual psychopathology and can help explain why people engage in abnormal behaviour

Question 26

variability

Answer 26

behaviour change from day to day

Question 27

trend

Answer 27

important in determining cause of any change

Question 28

withdrawal designs

Answer 28

baseline is established, treatment begins and withdrawal of treatment

Question 29

drug holiday

Answer 29

period when medication is withdrawn

Question 30

multiple baselines

Answer 30

treatments started at differet times across settings , improves internal validity

Question 31

phenotype

Answer 31

presentation of disorder

Question 32

genotype

Answer 32

the genetics of the genes behind the behaviour

Question 33

human genome project

Answer 33

helpful identifying different genes that are involved

Question 34

endophenotypes

Answer 34

different presentations of phenotype (some people are more prone)

Question 35

family studies

Answer 35

behavioural patterns and emotional states studied in the context of family

Question 36

proban

Answer 36

a family member with trait who is singled out (looking at one person and comparing their traits to rest of family)

Question 37

adoption studies

Answer 37

researchers separate environmental from genetic influences

Question 38

twin studies

Answer 38

role of genes in development studies

Question 39

identical twins

Answer 39

monozygotic (identical genes)

Question 40

fraternal twins

Answer 40

dizygotic (different eggs)

Question 41

genetic linkage analysis

Answer 41

studying inherited characteristics (of disorders) in families

Question 42

genetic markers

Answer 42

exact location of genes that lead to disorder

Question 43

association studies

Answer 43

compare genetic markers in people with and without a disorder

Question 44

studying behaviour over time

Answer 44

studying developmental changes in abnormal behaviour is important because it provides insights into how problems are created and how they can become more serious

Question 45

prevention research

Answer 45

leads to interventions and prevention services

Question 46

Four prevention strategies

Answer 46

positive (health promotion, ways of reducing stress), Universal (may lead to a disorder, warning), Selective (telling people that are already at risk how to prevent it) Indicated (a group is prone to a disorder and showing signs)

Question 47

cross sectional designs

Answer 47

a cross-section of a population across different age groups are compared

Question 48

cohort

Answer 48

participants in each age group

Question 49

retrospective effect

Answer 49

provides inaccurate picture of how a disorder may have developed overtime

Question 50

longitudinal designs

Answer 50

researchers follow one group overtime and asses changes in same members

Question 51

sequential designs

Answer 51

repeated study of cohorts overtime

Question 52

studying behaviours across cultures

Answer 52

multiple research designs are employed, multiple perspectives considered before treatment

Question 53

replication

Answer 53

replicating findings increases confidence in findings

Question 54

replication crisis

Answer 54

findings are not duplicated even in carefully replicated studies

Question 55

informed consent

Answer 55

competence, voluntatism, full infromation, comprension

Question 56

for child research

Answer 56

consent from children's caregivers and from child themselves if older than 7