Ch. 2 An integrative approach to psychopathology Flashcards
1
Q
one dimensional model
A
attributes causes of behaviour to a single cause. Is linear to approach
2
Q
multidimensional model
A
attributes causes of behaviour to several causes
3
Q
behavioural influences
A
phobias can be conditioned and generalized to other situations
4
Q
biological influences
A
can interact with other factors, heart rate rise, blood pressure
5
Q
emotional influences
A
thoughts and feeling affect body’s biology
6
Q
social influences
A
society and culture influence behaviour
7
Q
developmental influences
A
developmental critical periods, when combined with other factors, may lead to disorders
8
Q
genes
A
long molecules of DNA at various locations on chromosomes within the cell nucleus
9
Q
dominant alleles
A
expressed even if there is a recessive gene
10
Q
recessive genes
A
has to have two recessive alleles
11
Q
polymorphism
A
several phenotypic varients, how genes can be expressed, consequences of one single nucleotide
12
Q
Single nucleotide polymorphism
A
biological markers of disorders, change of one single nucleotide
13
Q
autosomes
A
22 pairs provide programs for development of brain and body
14
Q
sex chromosome
A
23rd pair
15
Q
hormophellia
A
abnromalities in sex chromosomal pairing or wrong ordering of genes causes abnormalities
16
Q
turner syndrome
A
delays in intellectual abilities
17
Q
polygenic
A
behaviours influenced by many genes, several genes in charge of our behaviour
18
Q
genome
A
a complete set of genes, one gene can effect the expression and activities of other genes
19
Q
quantitative genetics
A
Allows you to calculate what is the influence of genes of a specific trait eg. twin studies, how much of a trait is expressed in identical and fraternal twins
20
Q
molecular genetics
A
DNA microarrays, go through genes and find what genes are associated with behaviours and psychological disorders
21
Q
genome wide association studies
A
tend to look at DNA but with how likely you are to develop something, at risk
22
Q
new developments in the study of genes and behaviour
A
genetic contributions to psychological disorders, adverse life events also implicated, genes interact with environment
23
Q
the diathesis stress model
A
certain traits or behaviours are inherited, activated under conditions of stress
24
Q
diathesis
A
inherited tendency
25
diathesis stress model criticism
researchers are unable to replicate any gene effects on depression because of small samples, biased publications and that stressful life events increase risk for depression
26
gene environment correlation model
genetic endowment may increase probability of responding negatively to stressful events. Genes make an environment where the gene will be expressed
27
Telomeres
structures that cap the ends of chromosomes to protect them from deteriorating or entangling with neighbouring chromosomes.
28
Epigenetics
environment contributes to genes turning on and off. (life factors), can be passed on
29
peripheral nervous system
involuntary actions, (digestion), sympathetic and parasympathetic
30
somatic nervous system
voluntarily, (motor commands)
31
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord, the brain processes infromation from sense organs
32
neurons
transmit information throughout the nervous system
33
soma
the cell body, have all organelles, nucleus, genetic information
34
dendrites
filaments that are coming out of the cell body and receiving information from something in the environment
35
axon terminals
allow for pieces of information to merge with the end and release neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft
36
synapses
have a neuron pick up infromation from another neuron
37
synaptic cleft
space inbetween the axon of one neuron and dendrite of another
38
neurotransmitters being excitatory
increases likelihood that the connecting neuron will fire
39
neurotransmitters being inhibitory
decrease likelihood that connecting neuron will fire
40
brain stem
primitaive part handles essential automatic functions (breathing and sleeping)
41
hindbrain
medulla, pons, and cerebellum (controls automatic and motor activities)
42
midbrain
contains reticular activating system, important for arousal, alertness, falling asleep
43
top of brain stem
thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, sending infromation where they go, biological drives, emotion
44
forebrain
cerebral cortex, four lobes
45
pineal gland
charge of sleep, release melatonin
46
thalamus
charge of sensory information (visual, auditory, taste) and reroutes it of where it needs to be processed
47
hypothalamus
charge of biological drives, eat, sleep, sexual behaviour, sends commands to pitutary glands
48
pituitary glands
releases hormones throughout body
49
hippocampus
charge of memory information
50
amygdala
emotion, fear, when activated can consolidate memories better
51
olfactory bulb
sense of smell
52
cingulate gyrus
process information of awareness of emotion, pain
53
parahippocampal gyrus
where memories will reside
54
basal ganaglia
the thalamus and other structures. in charge of voluntary movement (tics, impulses, obsessions)
55
temporal lobe
hearing, taste, smell, recognition of faces and objects, language comprehension, memory and emotion
56
parietal lobe
attention, sensory cortex
57
occipital lobe
vision
58
frontal
motor cortex, language production, higher cognitive functioning (planning, judgement, empathy)
59
Peripheral nervous system
somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, endocrine system
60
endocrine system
produces hormones and works in conjunction with the ANS
61
brain circuits
neurotransmitter paths
62
agonists
enhances or does the same thing of neurotransmitter
63
antagonists
block action of the neurotransmitter
64
inverse agonists
do opposite of neurotransmitter
65
Glutamate
excitatory transmitter, regulating transmission of information
66
GABA
inhibitory neurotransmitter, regulates transmission of information and action potentials
67
serotonin
regulates behaviour, moods and thought processes, activation = vivid experiences. Agonists: LSD, magic mushrooms
68
norepinephrine
stimulates receptors called alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic. Regulates hypertension
69
dopamine
pleasure learning, addiction, implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and disorders of addiction.
70
L-dopa
increases dopamine for parkinson's diseasem can create hallucinations and an active body
71
reuptake
neurotransmitters drawn back from synaptic cleft into the same neuron. No lasting effect
72
implications for psychopathology
psychological disorders mix emotional, behavioural and cognitive symptoms. Genetic contributions to neurotransmitters, Could be structural abnormality. Dysfunction of neuotransmitter pathway. Connectivity between certain brain areas
73
prosocial influences on brain structure and function
exposure and response prevention, placebos, cognitive behavioural therapy
74
exposure and response prevention
exposure based therapy can change brain function dramatically
75
cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
identifying thought patterns of an individual and then doing something to mediate. Uncover automatic thoughts and develop new sets of attitudes
76
interactions of psychosocial factors and the brain
neurotranmsitters have different effects on indvidiual psychological histories and psychological factors affect brain function and behaviour
77
neurotransmitters different effects on indvidiual psychological husotries
stressful events while a child can lead to disorders as adult. Animal removed from mom early in life, given GABA drug (anxiety). Control did nothing, the ones that got removed from mom had high responses to drug
78
psychological factors affect brain function and behaviour
brain is plastic, can be impacted from different experiences, some people have more coping skills than others, many thing that change how people react
79
the brain-gut connection
neurotransmitters linked to gut bacteria, bacteria can increase neurotransmitters in the brain (diet can influence mental health)
80
microbiota
microbes in our intestine (fungi, viruses)
81
psychobiome
brain gute connection, influence of microbiota on gut
82
classical conditioning
need consistency to have an expectation,
83
operant conditioning
making connection of what you did and the outcome
84
learned helplessness
theories for depression, encountering conditions over which we have no control
85
positive psychology
instilling positive attitudes and happiness, to deal with learned helplessness
86
social learning
modelling or observational learning
87
prepared learning
selective learning, learning behaviours that protect us (evolution)
88
blind sight
seeing without actually seeing (unconscious vision)
89
implicit memory
seeing something really fast, did not see it but brain did
90
implicit cognition
unobservable unconscious processes
91
explicit memory
good memory for events
92
rational emotive therapy
cognitive aspect and the emotion behind it. Unconditional self acceptance (self is positive)
93
self-efficacy
accept who you are and become postivie that you can change it
94
self instructional training
modifying what client says to themselves about the consequences of their behaviour
95
charles Darwin
states of arousal casued by threatening situations serves useful function. Fight or flight, emotions are universal
96
Physiology and purpose of fear
Walter Cannon, fear activates cardiovasular susyem, defence adjustments made by body (breathing, hot and cold spells), survival functions
97
emotion
tendency to behave in a certain way elicited by an external event and a feeling state, accompanied by a characteristic physciological resposne
98
mood
persistant period of affect or mood
99
affect
momentary emotional tone of what we say or do
100
patterns of behaviour
positive emotions, tend to feel more connected. Negative want to avoid
101
instrumental beahviours
want to approach what we like
102
emotion distruption (dysregulation)
interferes with behaviour possibly resulting in panic, maina, biopolar disorder or depression
103
gender roles
cultural expectations, women have more depression, eating disorders and respond better to treatment. males more likely to self medicate
104
social effect on health and behaviour
social interactions important for general health, life expectancy and richness of life are relateds
105
seniors
do not get proper care, may not talk about emotional issues
106
social and interpersonal influences on older adults
expression of disorders can change with age ( younger people more likely to socialize ) higher depressive rates for men with less social support
107
social stigma
psychological disorders carry shame
108
lifespan development
experiences at different periods of development influence vulnerability to stress and other psychological problems
109
the principle of equifinality
must consider many paths in a given outcome.
