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Psychological disorders > Ch. 2 An integrative approach to psychopathology > Flashcards

Ch. 2 An integrative approach to psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

one dimensional model

A

attributes causes of behaviour to a single cause. Is linear to approach

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2
Q

multidimensional model

A

attributes causes of behaviour to several causes

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3
Q

behavioural influences

A

phobias can be conditioned and generalized to other situations

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4
Q

biological influences

A

can interact with other factors, heart rate rise, blood pressure

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5
Q

emotional influences

A

thoughts and feeling affect body’s biology

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6
Q

social influences

A

society and culture influence behaviour

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7
Q

developmental influences

A

developmental critical periods, when combined with other factors, may lead to disorders

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8
Q

genes

A

long molecules of DNA at various locations on chromosomes within the cell nucleus

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9
Q

dominant alleles

A

expressed even if there is a recessive gene

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10
Q

recessive genes

A

has to have two recessive alleles

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11
Q

polymorphism

A

several phenotypic varients, how genes can be expressed, consequences of one single nucleotide

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12
Q

Single nucleotide polymorphism

A

biological markers of disorders, change of one single nucleotide

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13
Q

autosomes

A

22 pairs provide programs for development of brain and body

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14
Q

sex chromosome

A

23rd pair

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15
Q

hormophellia

A

abnromalities in sex chromosomal pairing or wrong ordering of genes causes abnormalities

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16
Q

turner syndrome

A

delays in intellectual abilities

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17
Q

polygenic

A

behaviours influenced by many genes, several genes in charge of our behaviour

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18
Q

genome

A

a complete set of genes, one gene can effect the expression and activities of other genes

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19
Q

quantitative genetics

A

Allows you to calculate what is the influence of genes of a specific trait eg. twin studies, how much of a trait is expressed in identical and fraternal twins

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20
Q

molecular genetics

A

DNA microarrays, go through genes and find what genes are associated with behaviours and psychological disorders

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21
Q

genome wide association studies

A

tend to look at DNA but with how likely you are to develop something, at risk

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22
Q

new developments in the study of genes and behaviour

A

genetic contributions to psychological disorders, adverse life events also implicated, genes interact with environment

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23
Q

the diathesis stress model

A

certain traits or behaviours are inherited, activated under conditions of stress

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24
Q

diathesis

A

inherited tendency

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25
Q

diathesis stress model criticism

A

researchers are unable to replicate any gene effects on depression because of small samples, biased publications and that stressful life events increase risk for depression

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26
Q

gene environment correlation model

A

genetic endowment may increase probability of responding negatively to stressful events. Genes make an environment where the gene will be expressed

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27
Q

Telomeres

A

structures that cap the ends of chromosomes to protect them from deteriorating or entangling with neighbouring chromosomes.

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28
Q

Epigenetics

A

environment contributes to genes turning on and off. (life factors), can be passed on

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29
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

involuntary actions, (digestion), sympathetic and parasympathetic

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30
Q

somatic nervous system

A

voluntarily, (motor commands)

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31
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord, the brain processes infromation from sense organs

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32
Q

neurons

A

transmit information throughout the nervous system

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33
Q

soma

A

the cell body, have all organelles, nucleus, genetic information

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34
Q

dendrites

A

filaments that are coming out of the cell body and receiving information from something in the environment

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35
Q

axon terminals

A

allow for pieces of information to merge with the end and release neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft

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36
Q

synapses

A

have a neuron pick up infromation from another neuron

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37
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space inbetween the axon of one neuron and dendrite of another

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38
Q

neurotransmitters being excitatory

A

increases likelihood that the connecting neuron will fire

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39
Q

neurotransmitters being inhibitory

A

decrease likelihood that connecting neuron will fire

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40
Q

brain stem

A

primitaive part handles essential automatic functions (breathing and sleeping)

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41
Q

hindbrain

A

medulla, pons, and cerebellum (controls automatic and motor activities)

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42
Q

midbrain

A

contains reticular activating system, important for arousal, alertness, falling asleep

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43
Q

top of brain stem

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, sending infromation where they go, biological drives, emotion

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44
Q

forebrain

A

cerebral cortex, four lobes

45
Q

pineal gland

A

charge of sleep, release melatonin

46
Q

thalamus

A

charge of sensory information (visual, auditory, taste) and reroutes it of where it needs to be processed

47
Q

hypothalamus

A

charge of biological drives, eat, sleep, sexual behaviour, sends commands to pitutary glands

48
Q

pituitary glands

A

releases hormones throughout body

49
Q

hippocampus

A

charge of memory information

50
Q

amygdala

A

emotion, fear, when activated can consolidate memories better

51
Q

olfactory bulb

A

sense of smell

52
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

process information of awareness of emotion, pain

53
Q

parahippocampal gyrus

A

where memories will reside

54
Q

basal ganaglia

A

the thalamus and other structures. in charge of voluntary movement (tics, impulses, obsessions)

55
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing, taste, smell, recognition of faces and objects, language comprehension, memory and emotion

56
Q

parietal lobe

A

attention, sensory cortex

57
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

58
Q

frontal

A

motor cortex, language production, higher cognitive functioning (planning, judgement, empathy)

59
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, endocrine system

60
Q

endocrine system

A

produces hormones and works in conjunction with the ANS

61
Q

brain circuits

A

neurotransmitter paths

62
Q

agonists

A

enhances or does the same thing of neurotransmitter

63
Q

antagonists

A

block action of the neurotransmitter

64
Q

inverse agonists

A

do opposite of neurotransmitter

65
Q

Glutamate

A

excitatory transmitter, regulating transmission of information

66
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter, regulates transmission of information and action potentials

67
Q

serotonin

A

regulates behaviour, moods and thought processes, activation = vivid experiences. Agonists: LSD, magic mushrooms

68
Q

norepinephrine

A

stimulates receptors called alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic. Regulates hypertension

69
Q

dopamine

A

pleasure learning, addiction, implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and disorders of addiction.

70
Q

L-dopa

A

increases dopamine for parkinson’s diseasem can create hallucinations and an active body

71
Q

reuptake

A

neurotransmitters drawn back from synaptic cleft into the same neuron. No lasting effect

72
Q

implications for psychopathology

A

psychological disorders mix emotional, behavioural and cognitive symptoms. Genetic contributions to neurotransmitters, Could be structural abnormality. Dysfunction of neuotransmitter pathway. Connectivity between certain brain areas

73
Q

prosocial influences on brain structure and function

A

exposure and response prevention, placebos, cognitive behavioural therapy

74
Q

exposure and response prevention

A

exposure based therapy can change brain function dramatically

75
Q

cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

A

identifying thought patterns of an individual and then doing something to mediate. Uncover automatic thoughts and develop new sets of attitudes

76
Q

interactions of psychosocial factors and the brain

A

neurotranmsitters have different effects on indvidiual psychological histories and psychological factors affect brain function and behaviour

77
Q

neurotransmitters different effects on indvidiual psychological husotries

A

stressful events while a child can lead to disorders as adult. Animal removed from mom early in life, given GABA drug (anxiety). Control did nothing, the ones that got removed from mom had high responses to drug

78
Q

psychological factors affect brain function and behaviour

A

brain is plastic, can be impacted from different experiences, some people have more coping skills than others, many thing that change how people react

79
Q

the brain-gut connection

A

neurotransmitters linked to gut bacteria, bacteria can increase neurotransmitters in the brain (diet can influence mental health)

80
Q

microbiota

A

microbes in our intestine (fungi, viruses)

81
Q

psychobiome

A

brain gute connection, influence of microbiota on gut

82
Q

classical conditioning

A

need consistency to have an expectation,

83
Q

operant conditioning

A

making connection of what you did and the outcome

84
Q

learned helplessness

A

theories for depression, encountering conditions over which we have no control

85
Q

positive psychology

A

instilling positive attitudes and happiness, to deal with learned helplessness

86
Q

social learning

A

modelling or observational learning

87
Q

prepared learning

A

selective learning, learning behaviours that protect us (evolution)

88
Q

blind sight

A

seeing without actually seeing (unconscious vision)

89
Q

implicit memory

A

seeing something really fast, did not see it but brain did

90
Q

implicit cognition

A

unobservable unconscious processes

91
Q

explicit memory

A

good memory for events

92
Q

rational emotive therapy

A

cognitive aspect and the emotion behind it. Unconditional self acceptance (self is positive)

93
Q

self-efficacy

A

accept who you are and become postivie that you can change it

94
Q

self instructional training

A

modifying what client says to themselves about the consequences of their behaviour

95
Q

charles Darwin

A

states of arousal casued by threatening situations serves useful function. Fight or flight, emotions are universal

96
Q

Physiology and purpose of fear

A

Walter Cannon, fear activates cardiovasular susyem, defence adjustments made by body (breathing, hot and cold spells), survival functions

97
Q

emotion

A

tendency to behave in a certain way elicited by an external event and a feeling state, accompanied by a characteristic physciological resposne

98
Q

mood

A

persistant period of affect or mood

99
Q

affect

A

momentary emotional tone of what we say or do

100
Q

patterns of behaviour

A

positive emotions, tend to feel more connected. Negative want to avoid

101
Q

instrumental beahviours

A

want to approach what we like

102
Q

emotion distruption (dysregulation)

A

interferes with behaviour possibly resulting in panic, maina, biopolar disorder or depression

103
Q

gender roles

A

cultural expectations, women have more depression, eating disorders and respond better to treatment. males more likely to self medicate

104
Q

social effect on health and behaviour

A

social interactions important for general health, life expectancy and richness of life are relateds

105
Q

seniors

A

do not get proper care, may not talk about emotional issues

106
Q

social and interpersonal influences on older adults

A

expression of disorders can change with age ( younger people more likely to socialize ) higher depressive rates for men with less social support

107
Q

social stigma

A

psychological disorders carry shame

108
Q

lifespan development

A

experiences at different periods of development influence vulnerability to stress and other psychological problems

109
Q

the principle of equifinality

A

must consider many paths in a given outcome.

Psychological disorders (4 decks)

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