Ch. 3 Clinical Assessment and diagnosis

Question 1

Clinical assessment

Answer 1

th systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological and social factors in an individual presenting with a possible psychological disorder

Question 2

reliability

Answer 2

the degree to which a measurement is consistent

Question 3

validity

Answer 3

the degree to which a technique measures what it is supposed to measure

Question 4

standardization

Answer 4

application of certain standards to ensure consistency

Question 5

systematic observation of behaviour

Answer 5

any behaviour is happening, even what is not being described, always need to watch

Question 6

mental health exam covers 5 categories

Answer 6

appearance and behaviour, thought processes, mood and effect, intellectual functioning, sensorium

Question 7

appearance and behaviour category

Answer 7

overt behaviour, attire, appearance, posture, expressions

Question 8

thought processes

Answer 8

rat of speech, slow, ranting, continuity of speech, content of speech

Question 9

mood and effect

Answer 9

predominant feeling state of the individual. feeling state accompanying what individual says

Question 10

intellectual functioning

Answer 10

type of vocabulary, use of abstractions and metaphors

Question 11

sensorium

Answer 11

awareness of surroundings in terms of person, know who you are, day or time and where you are

Question 12

structured clinical interview

Answer 12

more general

Question 13

physical examination

Answer 13

lots of emotional disturbances can happen from health

Question 14

behavioural assessment

Answer 14

thoughts, feelings and behaviour directly observed. target behaviours identified and observed

Question 15

ABCs of observation

Answer 15

Antecedents (precede a behaviour - stressed at work give you feelings you cannot control), behaviours (eliciting the behaviour), consequences (trying to cope, how it is affecting the person)

Question 16

informal observation

Answer 16

subject to observers interpretation

Question 17

formal observation

Answer 17

behaviours are observable and measured (how many twitches and how bad), pattern, design treatment based on pattern

Question 18

self monitoring or self observation

Answer 18

most people monitor their behaviour outside the session. can use checklist or behaviour rating scales

Question 19

reactivity

Answer 19

observational data subject to distortion upon being observed. resistant to self monitoring

Question 20

psychological testing

Answer 20

determine cognitive, emotional or behavioural responses. Can use Intelligence tests (memory, attention, judgement) or neurobiological procedures (determine brain damage or dysfunctions)

Question 21

projective testing

Answer 21

psychoanalytic tradition, rorschach inkblot test, thematic apperception test

Question 22

psychoanalytic tradition

Answer 22

determine something by what a person is seeing

Question 23

rorschach inkblot test

Answer 23

people have to talk about what they are seeing and then interpreted by the psychoanalyst (questionable reliability and validity)

Question 24

thematic apperception test

Answer 24

cards and the person has to tell a story about them (widely used)

Question 25

minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)

Answer 25

finds features of personality disorders, traits of a person that us unlikely to go away

Question 26

Intelligence testing

Answer 26

now standardized, below 70 could have a mental disorder

Question 27

neuropsychological testing

Answer 27

pinpoint the location of brain dysfunction. Common tests: bender visual motor gestalt test and Halstead Reitan neuropsychological battery. Issues are false positives or false negatives

Question 28

bender visual motor gestalt test

Answer 28

used in children to determine issue with attention. How kids can copy images. uses visual and motor measurements

Question 29

halstead reitan neuropsychological battery

Answer 29

takes in account strength, rhythm and memory

Question 30

Neuroimaging of brain structure

Answer 30

Cat scan and MRI, identify structural abnormalities that might be associated with psychological disorders

Question 31

Neuroimaging of brain function

Answer 31

PET scan - inject someone with aceptope, see where brain is active Single photon emission computed temography - uses radioactive tracer fMRI - look at blood flow. All find neurobiological factors to psychological disorders

Question 32

Electroenphalgram (EEG)

Answer 32

event related potential - expose a person to something. evoked potential - what happens after stimulus

Question 33

electrodermal response (skin conductance)

Answer 33

measures changes, body temperature

Question 34

Diagnosing psychological disorders

Answer 34

classification, taxonomy, nosology, nomenclature

Question 35

classification

Answer 35

construct groups or categories and to assign objects or people to these categories on the basis of their shared attributes

Question 36

taxonomy

Answer 36

classification in scientific context

Question 37

nosology

Answer 37

application of a taxonomic system to psychological or medical ohemonena

Question 38

nomenclature

Answer 38

names or labels of the disorder that make up the nosology

Question 39

DSM-5-TR

Answer 39

psychological

Question 40

ICD-11

Answer 40

has every disease you can imagine

Question 41

classification issues

Answer 41

distinctions between normal and abnormal unclear, behaviours a category instead of a continuum,

Question 42

classical categorical approach

Answer 42

signs that there is something wrong biologically, same symptoms with no vairations

Question 43

dimensional approach

Answer 43

measured in scales, more rigid

Question 44

prototypical appoach

Answer 44

average of numbers in a category, some aspects are common for everyone but there are lots of expressions within the category

Question 45

reliability of DSM

Answer 45

personality order classification unreliable and biased, they are complex, definitons keep getting redefined and may not disclose some infromation

Question 46

validity of DSM

Answer 46

label for disorder right, lots of symptoms for the same disorder

Question 47

social and cultural considerations in the DSM-5-TR

Answer 47

different cultures and locations create differences genetically or societal factors

Question 48

criticisms of the DSM-5-TR

Answer 48

comorbidy, defintions are flawed and can changee

Question 49

comorbidity

Answer 49

people may have more than one disorder at a time, may need to redefine how the disorders are classified

Question 50

labelling

Answer 50

categorizing people as individuals with psychological disorders as their totality

Question 51

stigma

Answer 51

negative connotation attached to individuals with impaired cognitive abilities or behavioural functioning

Question 52

mixed anxiety-depression

Answer 52

not included in DSM, not enough for people to get diagnosed, not severe enough or prelevant

Question 53

pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder

Answer 53

part of DSM, huge debate if it should be included or not.

Question 54

Autisim spectrum disorder

Answer 54

allows for more variations and helpful with treatments