Ch. 1 Psychopathology in Historical Context Flashcards
Define psychological disorders
psychological dysfunction associated with personal distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is atypical or not culturally expected
psychological dysfunction
breakdown in cognition, emotional or behavioural functioning
psychopathology
the scientific study of psychological disorders
the scientist practitioner
mental health professionals, take a scientific approach to their work
evidence based practice approach
keeping up with the latest scientific developments
practice based evidence approach
evaluate own assessments to see if they work to generate new knowledge
research oriented approach
conduct research that produces new information about disorders or their treatment
studying psychological disorders focus
clinical description, causation, treatment and outcome
clinical description
may change with time
prevalence
percentage of the disorder that is happening in general population
incidence
within a specific amount to time
etiology
study of the origins of disorder
the supernatural tradition
battle between good and evil. evil perceived when confronted with unexplained behaviour and suffering and upheaval
demons and witches
people having a demon side, madness and evils caused by witches and sorcery. Treated with exorcisms. Everything is caused by the supernatural
stress and melancholy
insanity is a natural phenomenon, from mental or emotional stress. Treatment: rest, sleep, healthy environment, potions, ointments, baths
treatments for possession
hanging person over snake pits, or cold water baths
the moon and the stars
psychological functioning affected by their movements, no scientific evidence but that does not mean that it cannot affect people
the biological tradition: Hippocrates and Galen
Normal brain function was related to bodily humors and imbalance led to disease. Treatment was bloodletting
the four humors
blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm
hysteria
mental disorder, people having no biological cause for symptoms
Biological tradition: the 19th Century
syphilis related to general paresis (general weakness). Deteriorating symptoms led to death. Affecting someone with malaria, some people survived and were cured of syphilis
John P. Grey
insanity always has physical causes, mentally ill need to be treated as physically ill. People need rest, diet, proper room temperature and ventilation. rise of asylums
lobotomy
ice pick in some one eye and move it around in the brain. Led to infections epilepsy and had worse outcomes
schizophrenia
inducing seizures with insulin, many people died. this turned into electroshock therapy
major tranquilizer
neuroleptics, diminishes hallucinations and delusions
Consequences of the biological tradition
some clinical success treating mental illness with drugs and psychological disorders started to be approached scientifically
the psychological tradition
plato recognized the influence of psychosocial factors. focus not only on psychological factors but also on social and cultural ones
moral therapy
emotional and psychological therapy. Originated with philippe pinel, encouraged humane, socially facilitated atmosphere for patients
benjamin rush
father of north american psychiatry
asylum reform and decline of moral therapy
dorothea dix, reformed treatment of the insane. helped open all the asylums and thought they were better conditions than them at home. Initated mental hygine movement for the cleanliness of the asylums
clarence hincks
crusader for the mental hygine movement
psychoanalytic theory
first types of talk therapies, Freud believed the unconscious mind produced psychological disorders
Freuds structure of the mind
Id, ego, superego
Id
source of strong, sexual and aggressive energies, pleasure principle
Ego
act realistically, reality principle
Superego
conscious, moral principle
Freuds Defence mechanisms
unconscious protective processes for the ego
denial
refuses to acknowledge some aspect of objective reality
projection
falsely attributes own unacceptable feelings, impulses or thoughts to another individual or object
rationalization
conceals true motivations
reaction formation
substitutes behaviour thoughts or feelings that are opposite from unacceptable ones
repression
blicks disturbing wishes, thoughts, or experiences from conscious awareness
sublimation
directs potentially, maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially acceptable behaviour
psychosexual stages of development
what happens early in childhood are repressed and forgotten, do not geet sexual gratification, leads to fixation
psychosexual stages
oral - 0-2, around the mouth
anal - 2-3, potty training control
phallic - 3-7, differences of gender
latency - 7-11, sexual urges quiet
genital - 11-adult, learns how to deal with opposite sex
neuroses
neurotic disorders from the nervous system
later developments in psychoanalytic thought
anna freud, ego psychology (self psychology) on the self. Carl Jung and Alfred Adler beliving that humans are positive and can overcome their issues
psychoanalytic psychotherapy
reveal the nature of unconscious mental processes and conflicts
free association and dream analysis
say what ever comes to mind, could be prompted from therapist
transference
see therapist as a parent or falls in love with them
countertransference
what the client is saying enlists feelings in the therapist
humanistic theory
Abraham Maslow hierarchy of needs. Carl rogers person centered therapy. Fritz Perls gestalt therapy
Hierarchy of needs
Basics need to be fulfilled before higher-order needs or met. Physiological needs (bottom), safety needs, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization
self actualization
all of us can reach our highest potential
person centered therapy
therapists have passive role
unconditional positive regard
accepting clients feelings and actions, place of acceptance
gestalt therapy with humanistic elements
focuses on people’s positive and creative potentials. Focusing on the now
Pavlov and classical conditioning
broke down the learning aspect with the environment
watson and the rise of behaviouralism
if fears and learned, they can also be unlearned. Little albert experiment
systematic desensitization
introducing small things (fears) with relaxation techniques to desensitize then keep levelling up
operant conditioning
learning process where behaviors are modified through the association of stimuli with reinforcement or punishment
