Ch. 1 Psychopathology in Historical Context

Question 1

Define psychological disorders

Answer 1

psychological dysfunction associated with personal distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is atypical or not culturally expected

Question 2

psychological dysfunction

Answer 2

breakdown in cognition, emotional or behavioural functioning

Question 3

psychopathology

Answer 3

the scientific study of psychological disorders

Question 4

the scientist practitioner

Answer 4

mental health professionals, take a scientific approach to their work

Question 5

evidence based practice approach

Answer 5

keeping up with the latest scientific developments

Question 6

practice based evidence approach

Answer 6

evaluate own assessments to see if they work to generate new knowledge

Question 7

research oriented approach

Answer 7

conduct research that produces new information about disorders or their treatment

Question 8

studying psychological disorders focus

Answer 8

clinical description, causation, treatment and outcome

Question 9

clinical description

Answer 9

may change with time

Question 10

prevalence

Answer 10

percentage of the disorder that is happening in general population

Question 11

incidence

Answer 11

within a specific amount to time

Question 12

etiology

Answer 12

study of the origins of disorder

Question 13

the supernatural tradition

Answer 13

battle between good and evil. evil perceived when confronted with unexplained behaviour and suffering and upheaval

Question 14

demons and witches

Answer 14

people having a demon side, madness and evils caused by witches and sorcery. Treated with exorcisms. Everything is caused by the supernatural

Question 15

stress and melancholy

Answer 15

insanity is a natural phenomenon, from mental or emotional stress. Treatment: rest, sleep, healthy environment, potions, ointments, baths

Question 16

treatments for possession

Answer 16

hanging person over snake pits, or cold water baths

Question 17

the moon and the stars

Answer 17

psychological functioning affected by their movements, no scientific evidence but that does not mean that it cannot affect people

Question 18

the biological tradition: Hippocrates and Galen

Answer 18

Normal brain function was related to bodily humors and imbalance led to disease. Treatment was bloodletting

Question 19

the four humors

Answer 19

blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm

Question 20

hysteria

Answer 20

mental disorder, people having no biological cause for symptoms

Question 21

Biological tradition: the 19th Century

Answer 21

syphilis related to general paresis (general weakness). Deteriorating symptoms led to death. Affecting someone with malaria, some people survived and were cured of syphilis

Question 22

John P. Grey

Answer 22

insanity always has physical causes, mentally ill need to be treated as physically ill. People need rest, diet, proper room temperature and ventilation. rise of asylums

Question 23

lobotomy

Answer 23

ice pick in some one eye and move it around in the brain. Led to infections epilepsy and had worse outcomes

Question 24

schizophrenia

Answer 24

inducing seizures with insulin, many people died. this turned into electroshock therapy

Question 25

major tranquilizer

Answer 25

neuroleptics, diminishes hallucinations and delusions

Question 26

Consequences of the biological tradition

Answer 26

some clinical success treating mental illness with drugs and psychological disorders started to be approached scientifically

Question 27

the psychological tradition

Answer 27

plato recognized the influence of psychosocial factors. focus not only on psychological factors but also on social and cultural ones

Question 28

moral therapy

Answer 28

emotional and psychological therapy. Originated with philippe pinel, encouraged humane, socially facilitated atmosphere for patients

Question 29

benjamin rush

Answer 29

father of north american psychiatry

Question 30

asylum reform and decline of moral therapy

Answer 30

dorothea dix, reformed treatment of the insane. helped open all the asylums and thought they were better conditions than them at home. Initated mental hygine movement for the cleanliness of the asylums

Question 31

clarence hincks

Answer 31

crusader for the mental hygine movement

Question 32

psychoanalytic theory

Answer 32

first types of talk therapies, Freud believed the unconscious mind produced psychological disorders

Question 33

Freuds structure of the mind

Answer 33

Id, ego, superego

Question 34

Id

Answer 34

source of strong, sexual and aggressive energies, pleasure principle

Question 35

Ego

Answer 35

act realistically, reality principle

Question 36

Superego

Answer 36

conscious, moral principle

Question 37

Freuds Defence mechanisms

Answer 37

unconscious protective processes for the ego

Question 38

denial

Answer 38

refuses to acknowledge some aspect of objective reality

Question 39

projection

Answer 39

falsely attributes own unacceptable feelings, impulses or thoughts to another individual or object

Question 40

rationalization

Answer 40

conceals true motivations

Question 41

reaction formation

Answer 41

substitutes behaviour thoughts or feelings that are opposite from unacceptable ones

Question 42

repression

Answer 42

blicks disturbing wishes, thoughts, or experiences from conscious awareness

Question 43

sublimation

Answer 43

directs potentially, maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially acceptable behaviour

Question 44

psychosexual stages of development

Answer 44

what happens early in childhood are repressed and forgotten, do not geet sexual gratification, leads to fixation

Question 45

psychosexual stages

Answer 45

oral - 0-2, around the mouth anal - 2-3, potty training control phallic - 3-7, differences of gender latency - 7-11, sexual urges quiet genital - 11-adult, learns how to deal with opposite sex

Question 46

neuroses

Answer 46

neurotic disorders from the nervous system

Question 47

later developments in psychoanalytic thought

Answer 47

anna freud, ego psychology (self psychology) on the self. Carl Jung and Alfred Adler beliving that humans are positive and can overcome their issues

Question 48

psychoanalytic psychotherapy

Answer 48

reveal the nature of unconscious mental processes and conflicts

Question 49

free association and dream analysis

Answer 49

say what ever comes to mind, could be prompted from therapist

Question 50

transference

Answer 50

see therapist as a parent or falls in love with them

Question 51

countertransference

Answer 51

what the client is saying enlists feelings in the therapist

Question 52

humanistic theory

Answer 52

Abraham Maslow hierarchy of needs. Carl rogers person centered therapy. Fritz Perls gestalt therapy

Question 53

Hierarchy of needs

Answer 53

Basics need to be fulfilled before higher-order needs or met. Physiological needs (bottom), safety needs, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization

Question 54

self actualization

Answer 54

all of us can reach our highest potential

Question 55

person centered therapy

Answer 55

therapists have passive role

Question 56

unconditional positive regard

Answer 56

accepting clients feelings and actions, place of acceptance

Question 57

gestalt therapy with humanistic elements

Answer 57

focuses on people's positive and creative potentials. Focusing on the now

Question 58

Pavlov and classical conditioning

Answer 58

broke down the learning aspect with the environment

Question 59

watson and the rise of behaviouralism

Answer 59

if fears and learned, they can also be unlearned. Little albert experiment

Question 60

systematic desensitization

Answer 60

introducing small things (fears) with relaxation techniques to desensitize then keep levelling up

Question 61

operant conditioning

Answer 61

learning process where behaviors are modified through the association of stimuli with reinforcement or punishment