Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Developmental Biology > Ch. 4 pt 1 > Flashcards

Ch. 4 pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

all that you touch you change. all that you change changes you. the only lasting truth is change.

A

Octavia butler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

in dealing with such a complex system as the embryo, it is futile t inquire whether a certain organ rudiment is determined and whether some feature of its surroundings , to the exclusion of others,
“determines” it. A score of different factors may be
involved, and their effects most intricately
interwoven. In order to resolve this tangle, we have
to inquire into the manner in which the system under
consideration reacts with other parts of the embryo
at successive stages of development and under as
great a variety of experimental conditions as it is
possible to impose

A

RG Harrison

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_______: the construction of organized form

A

Morphogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

5 modern questions:
1) how are separate tissues formed from populations of cells
2) how are organs constructed from tissues
3) how do organs form in their correct locations how do migrating cells find their correct destinations
4) how do cells and organs grow and coordinate their growth
5) how do structures achieve polarity

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

_______: form sheets and tubes and adhere to one another

A

epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

_______: typically migrate individually and will form extracellular matrixes of larger tissues

A

mesenchymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 behaviors that require cell-to-cell communication via cell surface?

A

1) differential cell adhesion
2) cell shape
3) cell signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 3 very short signaling mechanisms?

A

1) autocrine signaling
2) juxtacrine signaling
3) Synaptic signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

_______ signaling: a single cell produces both ligand and receptor

A

autocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

_______ signaling: signals on the surface of one cell are bound by receptors on adjacent cells (contact-dependent)

A

juxtacrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

_______ signaling: across synaptic cleft, neural tissue specified

A

synaptic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

_______ signaling: signals diffuse only a short distance from signaling cell to local “neighborhood” cell

A

paracrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

_______ signaling: hormone secreted into the bloodstream affect other parts of the body by stimulating responses in distant cells

A

endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Endocrine signaling acts at _______ concentrations and has powerful effects on _______

A

low
gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

signaling molecules (_______) bind to receptors embeded in the cell membrane

A

ligands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

_______: binding of a receptor to its ligand alters the receptors shape

A

conformational change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

After signal transduction through conformational changes, phosphorylation, and cAMP/Ca2+, the signal culminates in _______ (fast) and _______ (slow)

A

pre-existing proteins
activating gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the three ways that signals can alter the cell?

A

1) enzyme changes
2) biochemical changes
3) Cytoskeletal changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Whats the difference between homophilic binding and heterophilic binding?

A

homophilic: same receptors
heterophilic: different receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

_______ and _______ were responsible for the re-aggregation experiments

A

towns and holtfreter

21
Q

In the re-aggregation experiments, cell types from different embryos were taken and then mixed. The results of this experiment showed that the cells what?

A

re-aggregated cells became spatially segregated by type

22
Q

The results from the re-aggregation experiments were interpreted as _______

A

selective affinity

23
Q

The automatic cellular sorting observed was attributed to each cell type’s _______ to the other types of cells

A

differential adhesion

24
Q

Town and Holtfreter’s final conclusion suggested that these affinities can _______ during development, allowing relationships between cells/tissues/structures to change and be modified

A

change

25
Q

Changes in cell surface adhesion molecules alter the _______ of the affinity between individual cells

A

strength

26
Q

Changes examples:
1) changes in the _______ of receptors
2) changes in the _______ of receptors
3) changes in _______ of the cell

A

number
type
cell morphology

27
Q

Cells will arrange themselves into the most ______ stable configuration

A

thermodynamically
- Changes in gene expression WILL result in changes in cell interactions
- Higher surface tension in center

28
Q

_______ are the most common cell-surface adhesion molecule

A

cadherins

29
Q

cadherins are ____-dependent homophilic binders

A

Ca2+

30
Q

cadherins form ______ junctions with additional internal proteins (_______) that hold epithelial cells together

A

adherens
catenins (alpha beta gamma)

31
Q

What are the 3 major functions of cadherins?

A

1) anchor cells together
2) assemble link to actin cytoskeleton
3) signaling function that can affect gene transcription

32
Q

Cells with different cadherins _______ on another and form ______

A

repel
boundries

33
Q

What are the 4 major types of cadherins?

A

E
P
N
R

34
Q

E-cadherins are found in what cells?

A

embryonic cells
epithelial cells

35
Q

P-cadherins are found in what cells?

A

placental cells
- connect embryo and uterus

36
Q

N-cadherins are found in what cells?

A

neural tissues

37
Q

R-cadherins are found in what cells?

A

retina formation

38
Q

_______ lack the protein domain allowing attachment to the cytoskeleton through catenins. Helps keep similar migrating epithelial cells together.

A

protocadherins

39
Q

Explain cadherins in neurulation

A

ectodermal cells express E-cadherin but those that become the neural tube lose it and express N-cadherin

40
Q

Explain cadherins in uterine wall implantations

A

trophoblast cells of embryo express E and P-cadherins that allow it to stick to endometrium of uterus

41
Q

The _______ is an insoluble non-cellular matrix of macromolecules between cells

A

extracellular matrix (ECM)

42
Q

What are the 5 components of ECM?

A

1) collagen
2) proteoglycans
3) elastin
4) fibronectin
5) laminin
4,5 are glycoproteins

43
Q

_______ creates a physical connection between the ECM and the cytoskeleton

A

integrins

44
Q

Integrins bind to ____ sequences in ECM

A

RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp)
- fibronectin
- laminin
- vitronectin
- collegens

45
Q

integrins connect to _______ through alpha actinin and talin

A

actin microfilaments

46
Q

_______: Apoptosis due to loss of contact with ECM

A

anoikis

47
Q

_______: when a polarized, adhered, stationary cell is transformed in an orderly way into an invasive and motile mesenchymal cell that can move to form new structures

A

epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)
- ex) formation of neural crest cells, wound healing, metastatic tumors

48
Q

Explain the process of epithelial to mesenchymal transition

A

1) paracrine signals from neighbors
2) Cadherins are down-regulated, and ECM is released
3) actin cytoskeleton rearranged for movement
4) cell secretes mesenchymal ECM molecules
4) cell released (basement membrane dissolved)

49
Q

Integrins are _______ dependent and have those binding sites

A

Ca2+

Developmental Biology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions