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Developmental Biology > Ch 1 > Flashcards

Ch 1 Flashcards

1
Q

_______ is the study of the period between fertilization and birth

A

embryology

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2
Q

Modern developmental biology begins with _______ and ends with _______

A

Begins: formation of sperm and egg cells
ends: doesn’t really end

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3
Q

What are the 3 major approaches to developmental biology

A

1) anatomical
2) experimental
3) genetic

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4
Q

What 2 objectives does development accomplish?

A

1) cellular diversity
2) continuation of life

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5
Q

_______ - how does a single fertilized egg produce so many different cell types?

A

differentiation

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6
Q

_______ - what processes control the elaboration of cell and tissue patterns?

A

pattern formation

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7
Q

_______ - how do cells organize into functional structures?

A

morphogenesis

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8
Q

_______ - How do cells know when to stop/start dividing? How is this regulated?

A

growth

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9
Q

_______ - how are germ cells set apart? what instructions make them special?

A

reproduction

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10
Q

_______ - How do some cells (stem cells) retain the ability to form new structures?

A

regeneration

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11
Q

_______ - How is development integrated into the context of habitat?

A

environmental integration

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12
Q

_______ - how do changes in development create new body forms? what change are possible?

A

evolution

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13
Q

______ - stages of development between fertilization and birth/hatching

A

embryogenesis

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14
Q

______ - fusion of gametes stimulates egg to begin development

A

fertilization

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15
Q

______ - rapid mitotic divisions divide the zygote into many blastomeres that form a blastula

A

cleavage

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16
Q

______ - dramatic cell rearrangements leads to the formation of the 3 germ layers

A

gastrulation

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17
Q

_______ - cells organize into tissues and organs

A

organogenesis

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18
Q

_______ - change from one form to final sexually mature adult form

A

metamorphosis

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19
Q

______ - differentiation and development of a germ cell that will form gametes

A

gametogenesis

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20
Q

What are the 2 major areas of a developing egg?

A

1) vegetal hemisphere
2) animal hemisphere

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21
Q

_______ contains yolk that serves as nutrients for embryo

A

vegetal hemisphere

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22
Q

_______ upper half of the egg (divides rapidly) where embryo proper will form

A

animal hemisphere

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23
Q

Fertilization accomplishes what 3 tasks?

A

1) zygote formation
2) axis formation (cytoplasmic movement)
3) activation of molecules for cleavage and gastrulation

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24
Q

_______: a series of extremely rapid mitotic divisions (WITHOUT GROWTH) that divide the enormous volume of the egg into smaller cells

A

cleavage

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25
Q

_______: a sphere of cells produced by cleavage

A

blastula

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26
Q

_______: small cells produced by cleavage, make up the blastula

A

blastomeres

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27
Q

_______: fluid filled cavity forms in the animal himesphere that allows cell movements during gastrulation

A

blastocoel

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28
Q

_______:

A

gastrula

29
Q

Gastrulation begins with the formation of a dimple on the opposite side of sperm entry called the _______

A

blastopore

30
Q

Organogenesis begins with _______

A

notochord development , a rod of mesodermal cells just below the ectoderm

31
Q

When the notochord developes in an embryo, the embryo is called a _______

A

neurula

32
Q

cells along the periphery of the neural tube become segmented into ______ which are precursors to back muscles, dermis, and vertebrae

A

somites

33
Q

What are the major life cycle variations: (3)

A

1) ovipary (hardshell eggs)
2) vivipary (live birth)
3) ovovivipary (egg inside mothers body)

34
Q

What are the 2 different types of cleavage:

A

1) holoblastic cleavage (entire egg divided)
2) meroblastic cleavage (part of egg divided)

35
Q

cleavage is characterised by a series of rapid ______ divisions (highest rate in body) that divide the egg into many smaller _______

A

mitotic
blastomeres

36
Q

In cleavage, the patterns of initial divisions and the placement of the blastomeres is under the control of _______ and _______ already stored in the oocyte prior to fertlization

A

mRNA and proteins

37
Q

division without growth is possible in cleavage because of the elimination of G1 and G2 in the cell cycle, what is this modified cell cycle called?

A

biphasic cell cycle

38
Q

Cleavage is influenced by _______ and _______ which determines the division plane of blastomeres and rate of cleavage

A

1) orientation of mitotic spindle
2) distribution of yolk

39
Q

Holoblastic cleavage is found in eggs that have _______ yolk, while meroblastic cleavage found in eggs that have _______ yolk

A

very little
lots of

40
Q

Holoblastic cleavage where the yolk is evenly distributed is called _______

A

Isolecithal

41
Q

Holoblastic cleavage where there is slight vegetal disposition of yolk is called _______

A

mesolecithal

42
Q

What are the 4 different types of Isolecithal cleavage?

A

1) radial cleavage
2) spiral cleavage
3) bilateral cleavage
4) rotational cleavage

43
Q

What 2 animals undergo radial cleavage?

A

1) echinoderms
2) amphioxus

44
Q

What 3 animals undergo spiral cleavage?

A

1) annelids
2) molluscs
3) flatworms

45
Q

What animal undergoes bilateral cleavage (holoblastic)?

A

tunicates

46
Q

What 2 animals undergo rotational cleavage?

A

1) mammals
2) nematodes

47
Q

What animal undergoes displaced radial cleavage (mesolecithal)?

A

amphibians

48
Q

Meroblastic cleavage where there is dense yolk throughout the egg is called _______

A

telolecithal

49
Q

Meroblastic cleavage where there is yolk concentrated at the center of the egg is called _______

A

centrolecithal

50
Q

What are the 2 types of telolecithal cleavage?

A

1) bilateral cleavage
2) discoidal cleavage

51
Q

What 2 animals undergo bilateral cleavage (meroblastic)?

A

1) cephalopods
2) molluscs

52
Q

What 3 animals undergo discoidal cleavage?

A

1) fish
2) reptiles
3) birds

53
Q

What animals undergo superficial cleavage (centrolecithal)?

A

most insects

54
Q

Gastrulation is what makes animals animals, _______ and _______ do not gastrulate

A

plants and fungi

55
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A

1) endoderm
2) mesoderm
3) ectoderm

56
Q

What are the 3 body axis?

A

1) dorsal/ventral
2) anterior/posterior
3) left/right

57
Q

What are the 5 different types of cell movement during gastrulation?

A

1) invagination
2) involution
3) ingression
4) delamination
5) epiboly

58
Q

What does the ectoderm form? (2)

A

1) epidermis
2) nervous system

59
Q

What does the mesoderm form? (3)

A

1) connective tissue
2) organs
3) bones

60
Q

What does the endoderm form?

A

lining
- the innermost layer of the embryo
- the lining of the digestive tube and respiratory system

61
Q

Whats a triploblastic organism and whats a diploblastic organism

A

3 layer vs 2 layer

62
Q

What are the two major types of embryonic cells?

A

1) epithelial cells (tightly connected)
2) mesenchymal cells (unconnected/loosely connected)

63
Q

_______: diagrams that show what adult or larval structures are produced by cells/regions of the embryo

A

fate maps
- by observing dye marking

64
Q

_______ = the use of dev bio to show common evolutionary ancestry through embryonic and larval similarities

A

evo-devo

65
Q

_______ structures are those with underlying similarities in structure suggesting a relatedness to a common ancestral structure

A

homologous
- used as an argument for common decent

66
Q

_______ structures are those with similar functions but with a dramatically different structure

A

analogous
- used as an argument to support independent evolutionary paths

67
Q

_______: examines how structures and morphology change during development

A

comparative embryology

68
Q

_______: studies how changes in developmental timing/patterns may affect evolutionary changes and constrain the types of changes possible

A

evolutionary embryology

69
Q

_______: study of birth defects

A

teratology
- thalidomide in pregnant women

Developmental Biology (2 decks)

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