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Foundations of Public Health > Ch. 4: PH Social and Behavioral Sciences in Public Health > Flashcards

Ch. 4: PH Social and Behavioral Sciences in Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

Theories of the origins of behavior and risk-taking tendencies and methods for altering individual and social behaviors

A

psychology

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2
Q

Theories of social development, organizational behavior, and systems thinking; social impacts on individual and group behaviors

A

sociology

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3
Q

Social and cultural influences on individual and population decision-making for health with a global perspective

A

Anthropology

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4
Q

Approaches to government and policy making related to public health; structures for policy analysis and the impact of government on public health decision-making

A

Political science/ public policy

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5
Q

Understanding the micro- and macroeconomic impact on public health and healthcare systems

A

economics

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6
Q

Theory and practice of mass and personalized communication and the role of media in communicating health information and health risks

A

communications

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7
Q

Understanding demographic changes in populations globally due to aging, migration, and differences in birth rates, plus their impact on health and society

A

Demography

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8
Q

Understanding the impacts of geography on disease and determinants of disease, as well as methods for displaying and tracking the location of disease occurrence

A

geography

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9
Q

Compromised of interactions with other people, institutions, communities, and policies

A

Social Systems

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10
Q

meaning we influence our social systems and our social systems influence us

A

reciprocal

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11
Q

The relationship between individuals and social systems is what?

A

reciprocal

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12
Q

Levels of Influence

A

Social and community networks

Socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental conditions

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13
Q

individual’s characteristics and behaviors plus knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and personality traits

A

Individual lifestyle factors

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14
Q

Components of the surroundings external to individuals that comprise living and working conditions

A

General socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental conditions

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15
Q

types of Social and community network

A

** Interpersonal
** Institutional/organizational
** Community

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16
Q

** Family, friends, and peers

A

Interpersonal

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17
Q

** Rules and regulations of institutions

A

Institutional/organizational

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18
Q

** informal and formal social networks and norms formed among groups and organizations

A

Community

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19
Q

external surroundings that comprise and working conditions

A

Socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental conditions

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20
Q

Social Systems Influence Individuals’ Behavior

A

Shaping norms
Enforcing patterns of social control

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21
Q

certain behaviors may become generally accepted among social groups; “everyone else is doing it”

A

Shaping norms

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22
Q

having rules and regulations in place creates structure for society, which can affect health

A

Enforcing patterns of social control

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23
Q
  • Family income
  • Educational level and parents’ educational
    level
  • Professional status and parents’
    professional status
A

Socioeconomic Status

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24
Q

strongly related to income

A

Socioeconomic Status and Health

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25
Q

Affects access to healthcare and health outcomes

A

Socioeconomic Status and Health

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26
Q

Influencing Behavior

A
  1. Shaping Norms
  2. Enforcing patterns of social control
  3. Providing opportunities to engage in healthy behaviors.
  4. Encouraging selection of healthy behaviors as a coping strategy
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27
Q

Examples of Ways that Socioeconomic Status May Affect Health

A

Living conditions
Overall educational opportunities
Educational opportunities for women
Occupational exposures
Access to goods and services
Family size
Exposures to high-risk behaviors
Environmental

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28
Q

has the strongest association with health behaviors and health outcomes

A

education

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29
Q

these jobs are are traditionally associated with increased exposures to health risks

A

Lower socioeconomic jobs

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30
Q

affects health and is traditionally associated with lower socioeconomic status and lower health status

A

Large family size

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31
Q

may be associated with violence, drugs, and other high-risk behaviors

A

Social alienation related to poverty

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32
Q

calculates economic inequity across populations

A

Gini Index

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33
Q

what does the Gini Index range from

A

1-4

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34
Q

what does 0 mean in the Gini Index

A

everyone has the same income

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35
Q

what does 1 mean in the Gini Index

A

complete inequality

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36
Q

in the Gini Index gaps are between what

A

poor and rich

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37
Q

Associated with higher rates of mortality,

A

GINI Index

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38
Q

Helps people make judgements about the world and decisions about behavior

A

Culture and Religion

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39
Q

influences food choices and responses to health symptom

A

Culture

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40
Q

influences attitudes about health

A

Religion

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41
Q

defines what is good and bath healthy or unhealthy

A

Culture and Religion

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42
Q

may affect social practices that put individuals at increased or reduced risk

A

Culture and Religion

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43
Q

Affect response to disease and to interventions

A

Culture and Religion

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44
Q

** Conditions in which people are born, grow up, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age

A

Social Determinants of Health

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45
Q

Shaped by a wider set of forces, including economics, social policies, and politics

A

Social Determinants of Health

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46
Q

Should not be viewed in isolation because they often interact with each other

A

Social Determinants of Health

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47
Q

as well as the systems put in place to deal with illness that affect health and quality of life

A

Social Determinants of Health

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48
Q

*** 10 Key Categories of Social Determinants of Health

A
  1. Social Status
  2. Social Support or Alienation
  3. Food
  4. Housing
  5. Education
  6. Work
  7. Stress
  8. Transportation
  9. Place
  10. Access to Health Services
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49
Q

*** interacts and influences many of the other social determinants of health

A

social status

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50
Q

phenomenon describing the hierarchical differences in health outcomes among populations based on the values society places on certain characteristics (education, jobs)

A

Socioeconomic gradient:

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51
Q

belonging to a social group

A

social group

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52
Q

experiencing stigma, discrimination, racism, or marginalization

A

alienation

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53
Q

Geographic area that lacks grocery stores and other establishments through which lower-income individuals can access nutritious food

A

Food desert

54
Q

is associated with improved health outcomes

A

Higher educational attainment

55
Q

is an indicator of healthy people

A

high school graduation

56
Q

** ability to find, understand, and use information to inform health- related decisions

A

Health literacy

57
Q

Homelessness affects health

A

Housing

58
Q

Being employed is what for health

A

employed

59
Q

why does Being employed help health

A
  • Employers provide health insurance
  • Income provides access to resources
60
Q

Certain types of employment can increase stress levels and/or increase exposures to hazardous chemicals and environments

A

work

61
Q

A social and psychological response with biological consequences

A

stress

62
Q

Sustained periods of stress can affect physical and mental health how

A

negatively

63
Q

increases heart rate and cortisol levels

A

“Fight or Flight” response

64
Q

Walking, biking, physical activity

A

Transportation

65
Q

what kind of lifestyles are on the rise?

A

Sedentary

66
Q

reduces air and noise pollution

A

Lower usage of cars

67
Q

more pollution
closer to healthcare services

A

urban

68
Q

less polluation
father from healthcare services

A

rural

69
Q

Includes preventive and medical care

A

Access to Health Services

70
Q

Inequities in the number and types of health professionals in rural vs. urban areas

A

Access to Health Services

71
Q

*** Differences in health that are closely linked with social or economic disadvantages

A

Health Disparities

72
Q

Negatively affect groups of people who have systematically experienced barriers to health

A

Health Disparities

73
Q

*** Tied to race, ethnicity, religion, socioeconomic status, gender, disability, mental health, sexual orientation, and geographic location

A

Health Disparities

74
Q

stem from characteristics historically linked to discrimination or exclusion

A

Health Disparities

75
Q

Noncommunicable Disease Disparities in United States

A

Coronary heart disease
Colorectal cancer screening

76
Q

Environmental Health and Safety Disparities in United States

A

Air pollution
Motor vehicle crashes

77
Q

Communicable Disease Disparities in United States

A

HIV
Influenza vaccination

78
Q

State of successful performance of mental function, resulting in productive activities and fulfilling relationships with other people, and the ability to adapt to change and cope with challenges

A

mental health

79
Q

alterations in thinking, mood, and/or behaviors associated with distress & impaired functions

A

mental illness

80
Q

examples of mental health

A

depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and dementia

81
Q

mental health can affect what other type of health

A

physical

82
Q

Implies a society that provides fair treatment and shares of rewards to all groups

A

social justice

83
Q

Key to reducing health disparities and inequities

A

Social Justice

84
Q

photo

A
85
Q

health issues linked to individual behaviors

A

substance usage, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, unsafe sex, not wearing seatbelts or helmets, not handwashing, not getting vaccinated, and not wearing masks

86
Q

Trends in Cigarette Smoking

A

Cigarette smoking in the U.S. among males has decreased from 60% in the 1960s to approximately 20% today.

87
Q

Behaviors that have a what are difficult to change

A

physiological component

88
Q

can stand in the way of behavior change, even if individuals are motivated

A

Physical, social, and economic barriers

89
Q

example of physiological component

A

obesity or an addictive element such as smoking or alcohol

90
Q

May also require social policies and expectation that reinforce individual efforts (upstream factors)

A

Behavior Change

91
Q

Require encouragement and support from groups ranging from friends and families to work and peer groups

A

Behavior Change

92
Q

can increase motivation

A

Incentivizing behavior change

93
Q

believed to have reduced SIDS by nearly 50% in the US

A

BAck-to-Sleep Campaigns

94
Q

Directly involve an individual and can potentially be altered by individual interventions e.g., tobacco usage

A

Downstream Factors

95
Q
  • Result from the relationship of an individual with a larger group e.g., peer pressure to use tobacco
  • Require public health interventions targeting groups and communities
A

Mainstream factors

96
Q
  • Grounded in social structures and policies e.g., government-sponsored programs that encourage tobacco production
  • Require public health interventions targeting broader social and economic issues
A

Upstream factors

97
Q

Social Marketing Approach

A

Product
Price
Place
Promotion

98
Q

Identifying the behavior or the innovation that is being marketed

A

Product

99
Q

Identifying the benefits, the barriers, and financial costs

A

Price

100
Q

Identifying the target audience and how to reach them

A

Place

101
Q

Organizing a campaign or program to reach the target population

A

Promotion

102
Q

Set of interrelated concepts that presents a systematic view of relationships among variables to explain and predict events and situations

A

Theory

103
Q

A combination of theory- based ideas and concepts applied to specific problems in specific settings

A

Model

104
Q

are used to understand why people behave in healthy or unhealthy ways and to guide the development and evaluation of interventions aimed at changing health behaviors.

A

Theories and models

105
Q

serves as a road map for research and practice, exploring the “why” and “how” of health issues and their solutions.

A

Theory

106
Q

Theories and models three levels of influence:

A
  1. Intrapersonal
  2. Interpersonal
  3. Population and community
107
Q

focus on individual characteristics, including knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, motivation, self-concept, past experiences, and skills

A
  1. Intrapersonal
108
Q

focus on relationships between people, acknowledging that other people influence behavior by sharing their thoughts, advice, feelings, emotional support, and other assistance

A
  1. Interpersonal
109
Q

focus on factors within social structures, such as norms, rules, regulations, policies, and laws

A
  1. Population and community
110
Q

Types of Intrapersonal Level

A

Health Belief Model
Stages of Change Model
Theory of Planned Behavior

111
Q

Types of Interpersonal Level

A

Social Cognitive Theory

112
Q

Types of Population / Community Level

A

Diffusion of Innovations Theory

113
Q

An individual’s perceptions and thought processes influence their health behaviors

A

Health Belief Model

114
Q

An individual goes through a series of incremental stages to change their
behavior rather than making significant changes all at once

A

Stages of Change Model

115
Q

Intention is an individual’s main predictor of behavior change; it is influenced by their attitude, beliefs, and control

A

Theory of Planned Behavior

116
Q

Health Belief Model (HBM)

A

Demographic Variables
Psychological Characteristics

117
Q

Stages of Change Model

A

Transtheoretical Model (TTM)

118
Q

Transtheoretical Model (TTM) or Stages of Change Model

A

Relapse
Pre-Contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance

119
Q

intention is a main predictor of whetehr not behavior will change

A

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

120
Q

Focuses on interactions between an individual and their social system

A

Social Cognitive Theory

121
Q

Influences in the social and physical environment, e.g., peer influence, level of family support, characteristics of the neighborhood, and work and school environments

A

Social Cognitive Theory

122
Q

Interactions among all these factors

A

Social Cognitive Theory

123
Q

The dynamic interplay among individual factors, the social/physical environment, and behavior

A

Reciprocal Determinism

124
Q

Changing one factor will affect all of them

A

Reciprocal Determinism

125
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

Self-Efficacy
Observational Learning
Expectations
Expectancies
Emotional arousal
Behavioral capability
Reinforcement
Loss of Control

126
Q

Focuses on how a new idea, product, or social practice e.g., behavior (an innovation) is disseminated and adopted in a population

A

Diffusion of Innovations Theory (DOI)

127
Q
  • Constructs:
    • The innovation
    • Time it takes to adopt the innovation
    • Communication channels used to transmit
      the innovation
    • Social system in which diffusion of the
      innovation takes place
A

Diffusion of Innovations Theory (DOI)

128
Q

Innovation-Decision Process

A

Knowledge
Persuasion
Decision
Implementation
Confirmation

129
Q

Diffusion of Innovations Theory: The Adoption Curve

A
  1. Innovators [2.5%]
  2. Early Adopters [13.5%]
  3. Early Majority [34%]
  4. Late Majority [34%]
  5. Laggards [15%]
130
Q
  • Includes words and symbols that help the target audience identify with the service However, it goes deeper than just words and symbols.
  • Method of implementing the fourth “P” or promotion - builds upon the first three “Ps*:
  • Requires a clear understanding of the product or the behavior to be changed (product)
    Puts forth strategies for reducing the financial
    and psychological costs (price),
  • Identifies the audience and segments of the audience and asks how each segment can be reached (place)
A

Branding

131
Q

Planning framework provides a structure to design and evaluate health education and health promotion programs through a diagnostic planning process followed by an implementation and evaluation process

A

Precede-Proceed

132
Q

Diagnostic Phase: PRECEDE

A
  1. Social Assessment
  2. Epidemiological Assessment
  3. Behavioral and Environmental
    Assessment
  4. Educational and Organizational
    Assessment
  5. Administrative and Policy
    Development
    Implementation and Evaluation phase: PROC
    NUSU
  6. Implementation
  7. Process Evaluation
  8. Impact Evaluation
  9. Outcome Evaluation

Foundations of Public Health (9 decks)

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