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Foundations of Public Health > Ch. 3: PH Data and Communications > Flashcards

Ch. 3: PH Data and Communications Flashcards

1
Q

methods for collecting, compiling, and presenting health information

A

Health communication

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2
Q

what does Health communication address

A

Addresses how people perceive, combine, and use information to make health-related decisions

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3
Q

what does Health communication focus on?

A

Focused on understanding and disseminating health information—from its collection to its use

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4
Q

Public Health Data and Health Communication

A
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5
Q

Step 1: Collect Data

A

Data from public health surveillance are collected, published, and distributed without identifying specific individuals

Data from different sources are increasingly being combined to create integrated health data systems or databases

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6
Q

SEER

A

Surveillance
Epidemiology
End Result

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7
Q

The 7 S’s of Quantitative (Numerical) Sources of Public Health Data

A
  1. Single case / small series of cases
  2. Statistics: vital statistics and reportable diseases
  3. Surveys and sampling
  4. Self-reporting
  5. Sentinel monitoring: prearranged surveillance
  6. Syndromic surveillance: focused on symptom patterns
  7. Social media
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8
Q
  • Case reports of one or a small number of cases of a disease
  • Uses: alerts for new diseases or resistant diseases; alerts regarding
    potential spread of diseases beyond initial area
A

Single Case / Small Series

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9
Q

advantage of Single Case / Small Series

A

can be used for dramatic, unusual, and new health issues

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10
Q

disadvantage of Single Case / Small Series

A

requires rapidly alerting clinicians and disseminating information

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11
Q

Examples: birth, death, and marriage certificates * Required by law: penalties for noncompliance

A

Statistics: Vitals and Reportable Diseases

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12
Q

advantage of Statistics: Vitals and Reportable Diseases

A

reporting is very thorough due to legal requirements

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13
Q

disadvantage of Statistics: Vitals and Reportable Diseases

A

frequent delays in reporting data

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14
Q
  • Draw conclusions about the overall population and subgroups using representative samples
  • Examples: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS); National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program
A

Step 3. Surveys / Sampling

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15
Q

advantage of Surveys / Sampling

A

well-conducted surveys enable inferences to be made about larger populations

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16
Q

disadvantage of Surveys / Sampling

A

frequent delays in reporting data; difficult to include all potential patients in disease registry

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17
Q

Uses: monitoring adverse events from drugs and vaccines; data is provided by those who are affected

A

Self-Reporting

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18
Q

adverse effect monitoring of drugs and vaccines or reported by those affected

A

Self-Reporting

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19
Q

advantage of Self-Reporting

A

useful when dramatic unusual events closely follow initial use of drug or vaccine; may identify unrecognized or unusual events

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20
Q

disadvantage of Self-Reporting

A

tends to be incomplete; difficult to evaluate impact and causality

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21
Q

used to report an adverse event

A

VAERS (Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System)

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22
Q
  • Certain groups are pre-arranged to provide surveillance of a disease; provides data about disease trends
  • Example: network of hospitals are recruited by a health department to regularly report influenza cases
A

Sentinel Monitoring

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23
Q

advantage of Sentinel Monitoring

A

effective method to use when limited resources are available; enables rapid and flexible monitoring and investigation

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24
Q

disadvantage of Sentinel Monitoring

A

may not capture rare events

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25
Q

may be based in schools, chil care center, hospitals etc.

A

Sentinel Monitoring

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26
Q

Goal is to gather info on disease trends rather than individual case investigation

A

Sentinel Monitoring

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27
Q
  • Uses: track symptom patterns (e.g., headaches, cough, fever) to alert possible new or increased diseases
  • Can detect unexpected and subtle health changes e.g., bioterrorism and new disease epidemics
A

Syndromic Surveillance

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28
Q

advantage of Syndromic Surveillance

A

can be used for early warnings even when no disease is diagnosed

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29
Q

disadvantage of advantage of Syndromic Surveillance

A

may have false positives

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30
Q

Population health can be monitored based on data from keywords and trends on social media platforms and other sites e.g., Yelp reviews

A

Social Media

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31
Q

advantage of Social Media

A

can rapidly obtain data from a large number of individuals

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32
Q

disadvantage of Social Media

A

not always accurate or precise

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33
Q

Ways to Collect Data

A
  1. Single case / small series of cases
  2. Statistics: vital statistics and reportable diseases
  3. Surveys and sampling
  4. Self-reporting
  5. Sentinel monitoring: prearranged surveillance
  6. Syndromic surveillance: focused on symptom patterns
  7. Social media
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34
Q

Step 2. Compiling Data

A
  • Key public health measures:
    • Infant Mortality Rate:
    • Life Expectancy:
    • Under-5 Mortality Rate:
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35
Q

rate of death within 1st year of being born

A

Infant Mortality Rate:

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36
Q

number of years a person is anticipated to live

A

Life Expectancy

37
Q

World Health Organization (WHO) Standard Measures

A

Under-5 Mortality Rate

Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)

38
Q

rate of death in first 5 years of being born

A

Under-5 Mortality Rate

39
Q

malnutrition, infections, HIV/AIDS

A

Under-5 Mortality Rate

40
Q

Life expectancy incorporating quality of life (QoL) measures

  • Mobility
  • Cognition
  • Self-care
  • Pain
  • Mood
  • Sensory organ function
A

Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)

41
Q

Starts with life expectancy and incorporates measures of the quality of life

A

Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)

42
Q

How to calculate Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)

A

Life Expectancy x Quality of Health Score

43
Q

A quality of health measure of 90% indicates that the average person losing 10% of his or her full health over his/her/their lifetime to one or more disabilities

A

Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)

44
Q

< 85%

A

as poor

45
Q

85-90%

A

is average

46
Q

> 90%

A

as very good

47
Q

years of life lost due to DEATH + Years lived with a DISABILITY

A

DALYs

48
Q

provides a comprehensive picture of mortality and disability across countries, time, age, and sex.
It quantifies health loss from hundreds of diseases, injuries, and risk factors, so that health systems can be improved, and disparities eliminated.

A

The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study

49
Q

what did The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study conclude

A
  • Depression is a major contributor to global burden of disease
  • Increase of Hookworm, Malaria, HIV in developing countries
  • Increase in cancers
  • Increase in motor vehicle and occupational injuries
  • Obesity is rapidly overtaking malnutrition
50
Q

ability to walk without assistance

A

Mobility

51
Q

mental function (e.g., memory)

A

Cognition

52
Q

activities of daily life (e.g., dressing, eating)

A

Self-care

53
Q

regular pain that limits function

A

Pain

54
Q

mood alterations

A

Mood

55
Q

vision and hearing

A

Sensory organ function

56
Q

Designed to examine the impacts that specific diseases and risk factors have on populations

A

Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY)

57
Q

The sum of years lost due to premature death and years lived with disability

A

YLDs

58
Q

Three categories of Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY)

A

communicable diseases
noncommunicable diseases
injuries

59
Q

Step 3. Presenting Data

A

Key considerations: what data is being shared, who is seeing the data, how the data is being disseminated, where the data is being disseminated

Health Literacy

60
Q

degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions

A

Health literacy

61
Q

Patients with low Health Literacy experience what?

A
  • Are more likely to visit an Emergency Room
  • Have more hospital stays

-Are less likely to follow treatment plans

-Have higher mortality rates

62
Q

Data Visualization

A

Line Graphs

Bar Graphs / Pie Charts

63
Q

Step 4. Perceiving Data

A
  • Perception
64
Q

Factors that influence perception

A

dread effect, unfamiliarity effect, uncontrollability effect

65
Q

Perception of an increased probability of a feared event

A

Dread Effect

66
Q

Occurs in reference to events that can easily be imagined and have worrisome consequences

A

Dread Effect

67
Q

Hazard that easily produce very visual or feared consequences

A

dread effect

68
Q

Perception of increased probability of an event due to lack of prior experience with the event

A

Unfamiliarity Effect

69
Q

Degree of familiarity can greatly influence how people perceive data and translate it for their own situations

A

Unfamiliarity Effect

70
Q

what is this an example of

Example: knowing a friend or relative who died of lung cancer might influence perception of smoking risks

A

Unfamiliarity Effect

71
Q

Perception of increased probability of an event due to having a perceived inability to control or prevent the event from occurring

A

Uncontrollability Effect

72
Q

SUCCESs Framework

Perceiving Information in Health Communications

A
  • Simplicity
  • Unexpectedness
  • Concreteness
  • Credibility
  • Emotions
  • Stories
73
Q

short, memorable statements

A

Simplicity

74
Q

unexpected facts hold people’s attention

A

Unexpectedness

75
Q

concreate, easily visualized examples

A

Concreteness

76
Q

reputable sources of information, the CDC

A

Credibility

77
Q

connecting with people’s emotions

A

Emotions

78
Q

people are more likely to remember and empathize with others’ lived experiences

A

Stories

79
Q

Step 5. Combining Data

A
  1. How likely?
  2. How important?
  3. How soon?
80
Q

What is the probability of chance that a particular event/outcome will occur?

A
  1. How likely?
81
Q

What is the value or importance placed on a good or bad event/outcome?

A

How important?

82
Q

When, on average, will the particular event occur?

A

How soon?

83
Q

Method for measuring and comparing the value or importance of health issues, events, and interventions

A

Utility Scale

84
Q

Ranges from either 0-1 or 0%-100%

A

Utility Scale

85
Q

Utility Scale

A
86
Q

Step 6. Decision-Making

A
  • Data can be used for the following purposes:
    • Informing clinicians’ decisions about
      patient care
    • Informing patients’ decisions regarding
      healthcare and research participation *
      Promoting shared decision-making
      between patients and clinicians
87
Q
  • Occurs when clinicians have all the essential information and can make decisions that are in a patient’s best interest
  • Advantage: can be efficient and effective when patients seek clear directions provided by a trusted source
  • Disadvantage: patient may not understand information; patient may not be prepared to participate in the implementation or may not accept responsibility of outcome
A

Informing Clinicians’ Decisions

88
Q

Informed consent

*Advantages: patients gain understanding, will be more prepared for implementation, and will more likely accept responsibility of outcome

  • Disadvantages: time consuming; extensive paperwork is required
A

Informing Patients’ Decisions

89
Q

patients need to give their permission before intervention

A

Informed consent

Foundations of Public Health (9 decks)

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