Ch. 4 Muscular System Flashcards
Fascia
A band of connective tissues the envelopes, separates, or binds together muscle or groups of muscles.
Flexible to allow muscle movement
Tendons
Connect MUSCLES to BONES , narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue
Visceral muscle
Aka smooth muscle,
Visceral- relating to internal organs
Found in hollow structures
Muscle innervation
The stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve (nerves that enable the brain to tell a muscle to move).
Neuromuscular
Pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and a muscle
Abduction
Ab - away from
Duct - to lead
Ion - action
Moving away from the midline
Adduction
Ad- toward
Duct - to lead
Ion - action
Moving toward the midline
Hyperextension
Hyper - over, excessive
Ex - away from
Tens - to stretch
Ion - action
Extreme, overextension beyond the limit
Depression of muscle
Lowers a body part
Ex depressor anguli oris - lowers the corners of the mouth to a frown
Rotation
Circular movement around axis of a joint
Ex shoulder in a circular movement
Circumduction
Circular motion from far end of limb
Ex. Hand in circular motion
Supination
Rotating hand or foot so that palm or sole is up
Think hold a bowl of soup
Pronation
Rotating hands and feet so palms or soles are pointed downward
Dorsiflexion
Pointing the toes upward at ankle
Plantar flexion
Bends foot downward
Origin
Where a muscle begins, located nearest to midline or a less movable part of skeleton
The less movable attachment
Insertion
Where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon, farthest from midline, more movable
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Stern/o - breastbone
Cleid/o - collar bone
Mastoid - inserts into mastoid process
Muscle helps bend neck and rotate head
Named for origins and insertion points
Oblique
Slanted, pertaining to direction of muscle fibers
Rectus
Straight in alignment with vertical axis of the body
Sphincter
A ring like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passage way, each names for passage involved
Transverse
Muscle fibers that go in a crosswise direction
Ex transverse abdominis goes acrossthe abdomin
Triceps
Tri -three
Ceps - heads
Named bc they are formed by 3 devisions
Deltoid muscles
Located on the shoulder, shaped like an inverted triangle, the Greek letter Delta
Hamstring
Muscles in back of the leg
Named for the muscles that butchers hang slaughtered pigs
Frontalis
Forehead muscle, raises and lowers eyebrows
Temporalis
Muscle moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth
Masseter
Moves the lower jaw up to close the mouth when chewing
One of the strongest muscles
Transverse abdominus
Located on side of abdomen, engaged when a person laughs or coughs
Deltoid
Makes cap of the shoulder
Trapezius
Moves the head and shoulder blades
Rectus femoris
Extends the leg at the knee
Quadriceps femoris
Made of 4 muscles, including vastus lateralis and vastus medialis to flex and extend the leg at the knee
Hamstring group
Involved in knee flexion and hip extension
Gastronemics
Calf muscle that flexes knee and bends the foot downward
Latin for “stomach of the leg” bc of its bulge
Fibromyalgia
Fibr/o - fibrous tissue
My - muscle
Algia - pain
A debilitating (causing weakness) chronic condition characterized by fatigue, diffuse of specific muscle, joint, or bone pain + widens range of other symptoms
Tenosynovitis
Ten/o - tendon
Synov - synovial membrane
Itis - inflammation
Inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon
Tendinitis/tendonitis
Tendin - tendon
Itis - inflammation
Inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
A chronic, debilitating disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems,
Profound fatigue not improved by rest and worsened by physical or mental activity
Adhesion
A band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally
A result of an injury or surgery
Atrophy
Weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures
Caused by pathology or disuse of a muscle over a long period of time
Myalgia
My - muscle
Algia - pain
Tenderness or pain in the muscles
Myocele
My/o -muscle
Cele - hernia
Herniation (protrusion) of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it
Myolysis
My/o - muscle
Lysis - destruction or breaking down in disease
Degeneration (deterioration) of muscle tissue
Myorrhexis
My/o - muscle
Rrhexis - rupture
The rupture or tearing of a muscle
Polymyositis
Poly- many
Myos - muscle
Itis - inflammation
A muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body
Rhabdomyolysis
Rhabdomy/o - striated muscle
Lysis - breakdown
A serious syndrome that can result from a direct or indirect muscle injury
Death of muscle fibers releases their contents into the bloodstream, where they can lead to complications such as renal failure
Sarcopenia
Sarc/o - flesh
Penia - deficiency
A loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging
Atonic
A - without
Ton - tone
Ic - pertaining to
Lacking normal muscle tone or strength
Dystonia
Days - bad
Ton - tone
Ia - condition
A condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement
Ataxia
A - without
Tax - coordination
Ia - condition
Lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement
Shaky and unsteady, caused by abnormal activity in the cerebellum
Contracture
The permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues from lack of use
Hypotonia
Hypo- deficient
Ton - tone
Ia- condition
Condition where the tone of skeletal muscle is diminished
Intermittent claudication
Intermittent- coming and going in intervals
Claudication - limping
Pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest, due to poor circulation
Spasm
Sudden, involuntary contraction of one or more movements
Ex a tic is a repeated spasm
Myoclonus
My/o - muscle
Clon - violent action
Us - noun ending
Quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle/group of muscles from falling asleep or neurological disorders
Singultus
Hiccups
Myoclonus of the diaphragm
Cramps
Painful localized muscle spasms
Torticollis
Wryneck, a stiff neck due to spasmodic contractions of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side
Bradykinesia
Brady - slow
Kines - movement
Ia - condition
Extreme slowness in movement
Dyskinesia
Dys - bad
Kines - movement
Ia - condition
Distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions
Hyperkinesia
Hyper - excessive
Kines - movement
Ia - condition
Abnormally increased muscle function or activity
Myasthenia gravis
Myasthenia - muscle weakness
Gravis - latin, grave or serious
Chronic autoimmune disease, affects the neuro-muscular junction, produces serious weakness in voluntary muscles, especially face
Muscular dystrophy
Diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting nervous system
Repetitive stress/motion disorder
Variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in daily activities
Ex compartment syndrome-compresses nerves and blood vessels due to swelling in an enclosed space of fascia
Myofascial pain syndrome
Chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout body, caused by muscles being contracted repeatedly, characterized by development of trigger points (local and referred pain)
Impingement syndrome
When inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between shoulder joint bones
Ruptured rotator cuff
When irritated tendon weakens and tears
When rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or if overuse continues
Carpal tunnel syndrome
When tendons that pass through carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become swollen and inflamed
Carpal tunnel releases relieves this
Ganglion cyst
Harmless, usually painless, fluid filled swelling the occurs most commonly on outer surfaces of the wrist
Caused by repeated minor injuries
Epicondylitis
Epi - on
Condyl - condyle (round end of bone)
Itis - inflammation
Inflammation in tissues surrounding elbow
Lateral- back side, medial- inside
Heel spur
Calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus(heel) bone
May be a cause of plantar fasciitis
Plantar fasciitis
An inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot, causing foot and heel pain when walking or running
Sprain
Injury to a JOINT when a ligament is wrenched or torn
To ankle, knee, wrist
Strain
Overuse Injury to the body of a muscle or attachment of a tendon
Stretched or torn
Shin splint
Tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from tiba(shin bone)
From repeated stress to lower leg like running on hard surfaces
Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS)
An overuse injury caused by it band rubbing against bone, often in the knee area
IT band runs from hip diagonally to tibia
Spinal cord injury
Vertebrae either pushed or pulled out of alignment or broken and pressed into spinal cord
Interrupts brain to body, higher injury equals more affected
Complete sci is no improvement
Paralysis
Loss of sensation and voluntary movement in muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply
Temp or permanent
Myoparesis
A weakness/ slight muscle paralysis
Hemiparesis
Hemi - half
Paresis - partial/incomplete paralysis
Slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body
Hemiplegia
Total paralysis affecting one side of the body
Paraplegia
Paralysis of both legs and lower part of body
Quadriplegia
Paralysis of all 4 extremities
Deep tendon reflexes
Tested with a hammer that strikes the tendon to test for the involuntary response to the stimulant
Range-of-motion testing (ROM)
Diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength
Electromyography (EMG)
Diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscles fibers in response to nerve stimulation
Used when ppl have symptoms of weakness and impaired strength
Muscle biopsy
Involves removal of a plug of tissue for examination by a biopsy needle
Antispasmodic
Medication that suppresses smooth muscle contractions of stomach, intestines, or bladder
Skeletal muscle relaxant
Meds relax muscles to relieve stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by sprains, strains, etc
Neuromuscular blocker
Drug causes temporary paralysis by blocking transmissions of nerve stimuli to muscles
Ergonomics
The study of human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment
Ex. Equipment in workplace mad to reduce injuries
Myofascial release
Specialized soft tissue manipulation technique used to ease pain of conditions
ADLs
Activities of daily living
Grooming, eating, dressing, etc
Therapeutic ultrasound
High-frequency sound waves that generate heat deep within the muscle tissue
Ease pain, reduce spasms, speed up healing
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
Uses a device that delivers electrical impulses through the skin, which causes changes in muscles
Fasciotomy
A surgical incision through the fascia to relieve pressure or tension
Fascioplasty
The surgical repair of a fascia
Tenodesis
Ten/o - tendon
Desis - bind or tie together
Surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone
Tenolysis
Ten/o - tendon
Lysis - to set free
The release of a tendon from and adhesion
Tenorrhaphy
Surgical suturing together of a tendon
