Ch. 3 Skeletal System Flashcards
Ossification
The formation and repair of bone
Periosteum
Peri - surrounding
Oste -bone
Um - pertaining to
The tough, fibrous tissue that forms outermost covering of the bone
Compact bone/ cortical bone
Dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer
75% of bone matter
Spongy bone/ cancellous bone
Porous, spongy, lighter, weaker
Usually in long bones
Containing red bone marrow
Medullary cavity
CENTRAL cavity within compact bone in long bones
Where red and yellow bone marrow is stored
Endosteum
End - within
Oste - bone
Um - noun ending
Tissue that lines medullary cavity
Red bone marrow
Hemopoietic tissue that makes red and white blood cells, hemoglobin, and thrombocytes
Hemopoietic or hematopoietic
Hem/o - blood
Poietic - pertaining to formation
Pertaining to the formation of blood cells
Yellow bone marrow
Fat, as fat storage, that replaces half red bone marrow from adolescence
Cartilage
Shock absorber between bones
Smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue
Articular cartilage
Covers surface of bones where they come together or “articulate” to prevent rubbing against eachother and make for smooth movement
Menicus
Curved, fibrous cartilage in some joints such as the knee and jaw
Diaphysis
Shaft of a long bone
Epiphyses
Wider end of long bones covered by articular cartilage
Proximal is nearest to midline and distal is farthest
Foramen (pl foramina)
Opening in bone which blood vessels, nerves, etc pass through
Process
A normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle tendon
(Ex. Mastoid process is bony projection located on temporal bones behind ear)
Fibrous joints
Inflexible layers of dense connective tissue which hold the bones tightly together
In adults these “sutures” do not allow any movement
Fontanelles
“Soft joints” in skull of newborns that allows for passage through birth canal and for growth
Cartilaginous joints
Bones connected entirely by cartilage and allow very slight movement
Ex pubic symphysis - allow a lil movement for childbirth
Synovial joint
Joints where bones allow a variety of motion
Bursa
Fibrous sac which cushions friction prone areas
Axial skeleton
Protects organs of nervous, respiratory, and circulatory system
Appendicular skeleton
Make body movement possible and protect digestion, excretion, and reproductive systems
Auditory ossicles
3 tiny bones in the middle ear, malleus, incus, stapes
Sternum
Flat, dagger-shaped bone in middle of chest made of manubrum, body of the sternum, and the xiphoid process (process - made of cartilage)
Olecranon process
The funny bone
Large projection on upper end of ulna
Pectoral girdle
“shoulder girdle”, Girdle- something that circles the body
Supports that arms
Includes clavicle, scapula, and acromion (extension of scapula, high point of shoulder)
Lamina
Posterior portion of the vertebra
Transverse and spinous process extend from here to attach muscles and tendons
Intervertebral disks
Made of cartilage, separate and cushion vertebrae from each other to allow movement and act as a shock absorber
Types of vertebrae
Cervical - (C1 - C7), form the neck (pertaining to the neck)
Thoracic - (T1 - T12) outward curve, each has ribs attached
Lumbar - (L1 - L5) inward curve, largest and strongest, bear most weight
Sacrum - triangle near base, fuse from 5 to 1
Coccyx - tailbone, fused end
Pubic bones
Ilium - big, back and sides
Ischium - bottom loops, sitting bone
Pubis - front
Pubic symphysis
Cartilaginous joint that unites left and right pubic bones, allows slight movement
Sacroiliac
Sacr/o - sacrum
Ili - ilium
Ac - pertaining to
Slight movable articulation between sacrum and back of ilium
Acetabulum
Hip socket, large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis
Articulates with the head and femur to form hip joint
Patella
Knee caps
Popliteal
Space behind knee where ligament, vessels, and muscles related to the joint are located
Cruciate ligaments
Make movements of the knee possible
Cruciate - shaped like a cross
Parts of the ankle
Malleolus - Round ends of fibula and tibia on each side of ankle joints
Talus - ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
Calcaneus - heel bone, largest tarsal
Podiatrist
POD - foot
Iatrist - specialist
Specializes in diagnosing and treating the foot
Rheumatologist
Specializes in diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and other disorders characterized by inflammation of the joints and connective tissues, like osteoporosis and tendinitis
Ankylosis
Ankyl - crooked, bent, stiff
Osis - abnormal condition or disease
Loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to a disease, injury, or surgical procedure
Adhesive capsulitis
Capsul - little box
Itis - inflammation
“Frozen shoulder” painful ankylosis of shoulder, caused by adhesions forming in the synovial capsule surrounding it, which makes the joint thicker and tighter
Arthrosclerosis
Arthr/o - joints
Sclerosis - abnormal hardening
Stiffness of the joints, especially in elderly
Baker’s cyst or popliteal cyst
Fluid filled sac behind the knee, usually triggered by a condition like rheumatoid arthritis signaling production
Bursitis
Burs - bursa
Itis - inflammation
Inflammation of the bursa
Chondromalacia
Chondr/o - cartilage
Malacia - abnormal softening
Abnormal softening of the cartilage
Costochondritis
Cost/o - rib
Chondr - cartilage
Itis - inflammation
Inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum
Hallux valgus
A bunion, an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toe
(Latin, hallux - big toe, valgus - bent)
Hemarthrosis
Hem - blood
Arthr - joint
Osis - abnormal
Blood within the joint, usually due to a joint injury or ppl w clotting disorders
Polymyalgia rheumatica
Poly - many
My - muscle
Algia pain
Inflammatory disorder of muscles and joints, characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, hips, and thighs
Synovitis
Synov - synovial membrane
Itis - inflammation
Inflammation of the synovial membrane resulting in swelling and pain of the affected joint, cause by arthritis, trauma, infection, or irritation by damaged cartilage
Subluxation
Partial displacement of a bone from its joint
Luxation - dislocation
Osteoarthritis (OA)
Oste/o - bone
Arthr - joint
Itis - inflammation
Wear-and-tear arthritis usually w aging
Degenerative joint disease
Osteophytes
Bone spurs
Accompanied by bone hypertrophy in OA
Spondylosis
Spondylitis - vertebrae
Osis - abnormal condition
Spinal OA, degenerative, can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function
Gout
Arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints, usually starting w big toe
Typically warm, red, excruciatingly sensitiven
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Chronic autoimmune disorder, joints and some other organs are attacked, becoming swollen, painful, and immobile
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS)
Ankylosing- progressive stiffening of joints
Spondylitis - vertebrae
Form of RA primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae
Herniated disk
Slipped/ruptured disk, breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on the spinal nerve root
Lumbago
Lumb - lower back
Ago - diseased condition
Lower back pain, pain of lumbar region of the spine
Spondylolithesis
Spondyl/o - vertebrae
Listhesis - slipping
Forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on vertebra or sacrum below it
Spina bifida
Congenital defect when spin canal fail to close completely around spinal cord to protect it
Spina - spine, bifida - split
Kyphosis
Kyph - hump
Osis - abnormal condition
Humpback/ dowager’s hump
Abnormal increase in outward curvature of thoracic spine
Lordosis
Lord - bent backwards
Osis - abnormal condition
Abnormal increase in inward in forward curvature of lumbar spine
Swayback
Scoliosis
Scoli - curved
Osis - abnormal condition
Abnormal lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine
Avascular necrosis
A - without
Vascul - blood vessels
Ar - pertaining to
Necrosis - tissue death
Area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow, usually hip
Craniostenosis
Crani/o - skull
Stenosis - abnormal narrowing
Malformation of the skull due to premature closure of the cranial sutures
Osteitis / ostitis
Oste - bone
Itis - inflammation
Inflammation of a bone
Osteomalacia
Oste/o - bone
Malacia - abnormal softening
Abnormal softening of adult bones, aka adult rickets, from vitamin d, calcium, or phosphate deficiencies
Ostemyelitis
Osteo - bone
Myel - bone marrow
Itis - inflammation
Inflammation of the bone marrow or adjacent bone,
Bacterial infection spread to bone by blood
Paget’s disease
Chronic bone disease of unknown cause charecterized by abnormal breakdown of bone, usually in pelvis, skull, spine , and legs, followed by abnormal bone formation
Periostitis
Peri- surrounding
Ost - bone
Itis - inflammation
Inflammation of the periosteum, associated with shin splints
Rickets
Deficiency disease in children, characterized by defective bone growth from lack of vitamin D necessary to maintain Ca and P
Short stature
Dwarfism, failure of bones of limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk
Adult <4’10
Talipes
Clubfoot, any congenital deformity of foot involving talus (ankle bones)
Bone tumors
Primary bone cancer - rare, malignant, originates in a bone
Secondary - tumors that have spread to bone from other organs
Osteoporosis
Oste/o - bone
Por - small opening
Osis - abnormal condition
Loss of bone density and increase in bone porosity, associated with aging
Osteopenia
Oste/o - bone
Penia - deficiency
Thinner than average bone density
Greater chance of osteoporosis
Compression fracture
Vertebral crush fracture
When bone is pressed together on itself
From spontaneous collapse of weakened vertebrae or injury
Colles’ fracture
Fractured wrist, caused when person tries to stop a fall
Osteoporotic hip fracture
Broken hip, spontaneously or from a fall
Closed fracture
Simple or complete fracture
Bone broken, no open wound
Open fracture
Compound fracture
Bone broken + open wound
Comminuted fracture
Bone splintered or CRUSHED
Greenstick fracture
Incomplete fracture
Bone bent or partially broken
Primarily in kids
Oblique fracture
Occurs at an angle across the bone
Pathological fracture
Occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain
Spiral fracture
Fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart
Stress fracture
Overuse injury
Small crack in the bone from chronic excessive overuse
Fat embolus
Can form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood
Embolus - any foreign matter circulating in blood that can become lodged and block the blood vessel
Crepitation/crepitus
Grating sound heard when ends of broken bone move together
Unusual crackling, popping, or clicking, or a sensation within the body
Callus
A bulging deposit around the are formed as the bone heals
This tissue eventually becomes the bone
Arthroscopy
Visual examination of the internal structure of the joint, using and arthroscope
Bone marrow biopsy
Diagnostic test, may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count test
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of a complex joint. Not the best at imaging bone
Ultrasonic bone density testing
Sound waves take measurement of density through heel
Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
Low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density, more accurate
Bone marrow transplant (BMT)
Can treat cancers affecting bone marrow,
Cancer cells and bone marrow destroyed through chemo and radiation, then bone marrow stem cells transfused into recipients blood and migrate to spongy bone
Allogenic BMT
Bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, usually sibling
High risk of rejecting if not perfect match
Allogenic - originating from another
Autologous BTM
Patient receives their own bone marrow cells, harvested, cleansed, treated, and stored
Autologous - originating from within
Orthotic device
Mechanical appliance specially designed to control, correct, or compensate and impaired limb function
Ex shoe insert, splint, brace
Arthrodesis
Arth/o - joint
Desis - to bind/ tie together
Surgical ankylosis, surgical fusion of 2 bones to stiffen a joint to treat severe damage
Arthrolysis
Arth/o - joint
Lysis - loosening of setting free
Surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint
Arthoscopic surgery
Minimally invasive for interior of joint, arthroscope remove torn cartilage
Chondroplasty
Chondr/o - cartilage
Plasty - surgical repair
Surgical repair of damaged cartilage
Synovectomy
Synov - synovial membrane
Ectomy -surgical removal of
Surgical removal of synovial membrane from a joint
Arthroplasty
Surgical PLACEMENT of an artificial joint
Revision surgery
Replacement of a failed or worn replacement
Percutaneous diskectomy
Treats a herniated intervertebral disk, thin tube inserted through skin to suction out ruptured disk or vaporize it with a laser
Percutaneous - preformed through skin
Percutaneous vertebroplasty
Bone cement is injected to stabilize compression fractures w/in spinal column
Laminectomy
Surgical removal of the laminate or posterior portion of the vertebra
Spinal fusion
Technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together 2 or more vertebrae
Craniectomy
Surgical removal of a portion of the skull
To treat craniostenosis or relieve increased intracranial pressure due to brain swelling
Craniotomy
Surgical incision or opening into the skull
To gain access to brain for surgery or relieve pressure
Osteoclasis
Oste/o - bone
Clasis - to break
Surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity
Periosteotomy
Peri- surrounding
Oste/o - bone
Surgical incision through periosteum of bone
Closed reduction
Manipulation, attempt realignment of bone manually applied force and immobilization(stabilization)
Traction
A pulling force excerpted on a limb in a distal direction to return bone/joint to normal alignment
External fixation
Fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through soft tissue and bone while healing to hold firmly in place
Internal fixation
Open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) plate or pins place directly into bones to hold broken pieces in place
