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Med Term > Ch. 3 Skeletal System > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Ossification

A

The formation and repair of bone

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2
Q

Periosteum

A

Peri - surrounding
Oste -bone
Um - pertaining to

The tough, fibrous tissue that forms outermost covering of the bone

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3
Q

Compact bone/ cortical bone

A

Dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer
75% of bone matter

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4
Q

Spongy bone/ cancellous bone

A

Porous, spongy, lighter, weaker
Usually in long bones
Containing red bone marrow

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5
Q

Medullary cavity

A

CENTRAL cavity within compact bone in long bones
Where red and yellow bone marrow is stored

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6
Q

Endosteum

A

End - within
Oste - bone
Um - noun ending

Tissue that lines medullary cavity

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7
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Hemopoietic tissue that makes red and white blood cells, hemoglobin, and thrombocytes

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8
Q

Hemopoietic or hematopoietic

A

Hem/o - blood
Poietic - pertaining to formation

Pertaining to the formation of blood cells

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9
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Fat, as fat storage, that replaces half red bone marrow from adolescence

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10
Q

Cartilage

A

Shock absorber between bones
Smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue

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11
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Covers surface of bones where they come together or “articulate” to prevent rubbing against eachother and make for smooth movement

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12
Q

Menicus

A

Curved, fibrous cartilage in some joints such as the knee and jaw

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13
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of a long bone

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14
Q

Epiphyses

A

Wider end of long bones covered by articular cartilage
Proximal is nearest to midline and distal is farthest

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15
Q

Foramen (pl foramina)

A

Opening in bone which blood vessels, nerves, etc pass through

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16
Q

Process

A

A normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle tendon
(Ex. Mastoid process is bony projection located on temporal bones behind ear)

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17
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Inflexible layers of dense connective tissue which hold the bones tightly together
In adults these “sutures” do not allow any movement

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18
Q

Fontanelles

A

“Soft joints” in skull of newborns that allows for passage through birth canal and for growth

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19
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Bones connected entirely by cartilage and allow very slight movement

Ex pubic symphysis - allow a lil movement for childbirth

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20
Q

Synovial joint

A

Joints where bones allow a variety of motion

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21
Q

Bursa

A

Fibrous sac which cushions friction prone areas

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22
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Protects organs of nervous, respiratory, and circulatory system

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23
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Make body movement possible and protect digestion, excretion, and reproductive systems

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24
Q

Auditory ossicles

A

3 tiny bones in the middle ear, malleus, incus, stapes

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25
Q

Sternum

A

Flat, dagger-shaped bone in middle of chest made of manubrum, body of the sternum, and the xiphoid process (process - made of cartilage)

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26
Q

Olecranon process

A

The funny bone
Large projection on upper end of ulna

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27
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

“shoulder girdle”, Girdle- something that circles the body
Supports that arms
Includes clavicle, scapula, and acromion (extension of scapula, high point of shoulder)

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28
Q

Lamina

A

Posterior portion of the vertebra
Transverse and spinous process extend from here to attach muscles and tendons

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29
Q

Intervertebral disks

A

Made of cartilage, separate and cushion vertebrae from each other to allow movement and act as a shock absorber

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30
Q

Types of vertebrae

A

Cervical - (C1 - C7), form the neck (pertaining to the neck)
Thoracic - (T1 - T12) outward curve, each has ribs attached
Lumbar - (L1 - L5) inward curve, largest and strongest, bear most weight
Sacrum - triangle near base, fuse from 5 to 1
Coccyx - tailbone, fused end

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31
Q

Pubic bones

A

Ilium - big, back and sides
Ischium - bottom loops, sitting bone
Pubis - front

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32
Q

Pubic symphysis

A

Cartilaginous joint that unites left and right pubic bones, allows slight movement

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33
Q

Sacroiliac

A

Sacr/o - sacrum
Ili - ilium
Ac - pertaining to

Slight movable articulation between sacrum and back of ilium

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34
Q

Acetabulum

A

Hip socket, large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis
Articulates with the head and femur to form hip joint

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35
Q

Patella

A

Knee caps

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36
Q

Popliteal

A

Space behind knee where ligament, vessels, and muscles related to the joint are located

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37
Q

Cruciate ligaments

A

Make movements of the knee possible
Cruciate - shaped like a cross

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38
Q

Parts of the ankle

A

Malleolus - Round ends of fibula and tibia on each side of ankle joints
Talus - ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
Calcaneus - heel bone, largest tarsal

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39
Q

Podiatrist

A

POD - foot
Iatrist - specialist

Specializes in diagnosing and treating the foot

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40
Q

Rheumatologist

A

Specializes in diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and other disorders characterized by inflammation of the joints and connective tissues, like osteoporosis and tendinitis

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41
Q

Ankylosis

A

Ankyl - crooked, bent, stiff
Osis - abnormal condition or disease

Loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to a disease, injury, or surgical procedure

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42
Q

Adhesive capsulitis

A

Capsul - little box
Itis - inflammation

“Frozen shoulder” painful ankylosis of shoulder, caused by adhesions forming in the synovial capsule surrounding it, which makes the joint thicker and tighter

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43
Q

Arthrosclerosis

A

Arthr/o - joints
Sclerosis - abnormal hardening
Stiffness of the joints, especially in elderly

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44
Q

Baker’s cyst or popliteal cyst

A

Fluid filled sac behind the knee, usually triggered by a condition like rheumatoid arthritis signaling production

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45
Q

Bursitis

A

Burs - bursa
Itis - inflammation

Inflammation of the bursa

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46
Q

Chondromalacia

A

Chondr/o - cartilage
Malacia - abnormal softening

Abnormal softening of the cartilage

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47
Q

Costochondritis

A

Cost/o - rib
Chondr - cartilage
Itis - inflammation

Inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum

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48
Q

Hallux valgus

A

A bunion, an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toe
(Latin, hallux - big toe, valgus - bent)

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49
Q

Hemarthrosis

A

Hem - blood
Arthr - joint
Osis - abnormal
Blood within the joint, usually due to a joint injury or ppl w clotting disorders

50
Q

Polymyalgia rheumatica

A

Poly - many
My - muscle
Algia pain

Inflammatory disorder of muscles and joints, characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, hips, and thighs

51
Q

Synovitis

A

Synov - synovial membrane
Itis - inflammation
Inflammation of the synovial membrane resulting in swelling and pain of the affected joint, cause by arthritis, trauma, infection, or irritation by damaged cartilage

52
Q

Subluxation

A

Partial displacement of a bone from its joint
Luxation - dislocation

53
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA)

A

Oste/o - bone
Arthr - joint
Itis - inflammation
Wear-and-tear arthritis usually w aging
Degenerative joint disease

54
Q

Osteophytes

A

Bone spurs
Accompanied by bone hypertrophy in OA

55
Q

Spondylosis

A

Spondylitis - vertebrae
Osis - abnormal condition

Spinal OA, degenerative, can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function

56
Q

Gout

A

Arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints, usually starting w big toe
Typically warm, red, excruciatingly sensitiven

57
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

A

Chronic autoimmune disorder, joints and some other organs are attacked, becoming swollen, painful, and immobile

58
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS)

A

Ankylosing- progressive stiffening of joints
Spondylitis - vertebrae

Form of RA primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae

59
Q

Herniated disk

A

Slipped/ruptured disk, breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on the spinal nerve root

60
Q

Lumbago

A

Lumb - lower back
Ago - diseased condition

Lower back pain, pain of lumbar region of the spine

61
Q

Spondylolithesis

A

Spondyl/o - vertebrae
Listhesis - slipping

Forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on vertebra or sacrum below it

62
Q

Spina bifida

A

Congenital defect when spin canal fail to close completely around spinal cord to protect it
Spina - spine, bifida - split

63
Q

Kyphosis

A

Kyph - hump
Osis - abnormal condition

Humpback/ dowager’s hump
Abnormal increase in outward curvature of thoracic spine

64
Q

Lordosis

A

Lord - bent backwards
Osis - abnormal condition

Abnormal increase in inward in forward curvature of lumbar spine
Swayback

65
Q

Scoliosis

A

Scoli - curved
Osis - abnormal condition

Abnormal lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine

66
Q

Avascular necrosis

A

A - without
Vascul - blood vessels
Ar - pertaining to
Necrosis - tissue death

Area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow, usually hip

67
Q

Craniostenosis

A

Crani/o - skull
Stenosis - abnormal narrowing

Malformation of the skull due to premature closure of the cranial sutures

68
Q

Osteitis / ostitis

A

Oste - bone
Itis - inflammation

Inflammation of a bone

69
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Oste/o - bone
Malacia - abnormal softening
Abnormal softening of adult bones, aka adult rickets, from vitamin d, calcium, or phosphate deficiencies

70
Q

Ostemyelitis

A

Osteo - bone
Myel - bone marrow
Itis - inflammation

Inflammation of the bone marrow or adjacent bone,
Bacterial infection spread to bone by blood

71
Q

Paget’s disease

A

Chronic bone disease of unknown cause charecterized by abnormal breakdown of bone, usually in pelvis, skull, spine , and legs, followed by abnormal bone formation

72
Q

Periostitis

A

Peri- surrounding
Ost - bone
Itis - inflammation

Inflammation of the periosteum, associated with shin splints

73
Q

Rickets

A

Deficiency disease in children, characterized by defective bone growth from lack of vitamin D necessary to maintain Ca and P

74
Q

Short stature

A

Dwarfism, failure of bones of limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk
Adult <4’10

75
Q

Talipes

A

Clubfoot, any congenital deformity of foot involving talus (ankle bones)

76
Q

Bone tumors

A

Primary bone cancer - rare, malignant, originates in a bone
Secondary - tumors that have spread to bone from other organs

77
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Oste/o - bone
Por - small opening
Osis - abnormal condition

Loss of bone density and increase in bone porosity, associated with aging

78
Q

Osteopenia

A

Oste/o - bone
Penia - deficiency

Thinner than average bone density
Greater chance of osteoporosis

79
Q

Compression fracture

A

Vertebral crush fracture
When bone is pressed together on itself
From spontaneous collapse of weakened vertebrae or injury

80
Q

Colles’ fracture

A

Fractured wrist, caused when person tries to stop a fall

81
Q

Osteoporotic hip fracture

A

Broken hip, spontaneously or from a fall

82
Q

Closed fracture

A

Simple or complete fracture
Bone broken, no open wound

83
Q

Open fracture

A

Compound fracture
Bone broken + open wound

84
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Bone splintered or CRUSHED

85
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

Incomplete fracture
Bone bent or partially broken
Primarily in kids

86
Q

Oblique fracture

A

Occurs at an angle across the bone

87
Q

Pathological fracture

A

Occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain

88
Q

Spiral fracture

A

Fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart

89
Q

Stress fracture

A

Overuse injury
Small crack in the bone from chronic excessive overuse

90
Q

Fat embolus

A

Can form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood
Embolus - any foreign matter circulating in blood that can become lodged and block the blood vessel

91
Q

Crepitation/crepitus

A

Grating sound heard when ends of broken bone move together
Unusual crackling, popping, or clicking, or a sensation within the body

92
Q

Callus

A

A bulging deposit around the are formed as the bone heals
This tissue eventually becomes the bone

93
Q

Arthroscopy

A

Visual examination of the internal structure of the joint, using and arthroscope

94
Q

Bone marrow biopsy

A

Diagnostic test, may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count test

95
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of a complex joint. Not the best at imaging bone

96
Q

Ultrasonic bone density testing

A

Sound waves take measurement of density through heel

97
Q

Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

A

Low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density, more accurate

98
Q

Bone marrow transplant (BMT)

A

Can treat cancers affecting bone marrow,
Cancer cells and bone marrow destroyed through chemo and radiation, then bone marrow stem cells transfused into recipients blood and migrate to spongy bone

99
Q

Allogenic BMT

A

Bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, usually sibling
High risk of rejecting if not perfect match
Allogenic - originating from another

100
Q

Autologous BTM

A

Patient receives their own bone marrow cells, harvested, cleansed, treated, and stored
Autologous - originating from within

101
Q

Orthotic device

A

Mechanical appliance specially designed to control, correct, or compensate and impaired limb function
Ex shoe insert, splint, brace

102
Q

Arthrodesis

A

Arth/o - joint
Desis - to bind/ tie together

Surgical ankylosis, surgical fusion of 2 bones to stiffen a joint to treat severe damage

103
Q

Arthrolysis

A

Arth/o - joint
Lysis - loosening of setting free

Surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint

104
Q

Arthoscopic surgery

A

Minimally invasive for interior of joint, arthroscope remove torn cartilage

105
Q

Chondroplasty

A

Chondr/o - cartilage
Plasty - surgical repair
Surgical repair of damaged cartilage

106
Q

Synovectomy

A

Synov - synovial membrane
Ectomy -surgical removal of

Surgical removal of synovial membrane from a joint

107
Q

Arthroplasty

A

Surgical PLACEMENT of an artificial joint

108
Q

Revision surgery

A

Replacement of a failed or worn replacement

109
Q

Percutaneous diskectomy

A

Treats a herniated intervertebral disk, thin tube inserted through skin to suction out ruptured disk or vaporize it with a laser
Percutaneous - preformed through skin

110
Q

Percutaneous vertebroplasty

A

Bone cement is injected to stabilize compression fractures w/in spinal column

111
Q

Laminectomy

A

Surgical removal of the laminate or posterior portion of the vertebra

112
Q

Spinal fusion

A

Technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together 2 or more vertebrae

113
Q

Craniectomy

A

Surgical removal of a portion of the skull
To treat craniostenosis or relieve increased intracranial pressure due to brain swelling

114
Q

Craniotomy

A

Surgical incision or opening into the skull
To gain access to brain for surgery or relieve pressure

115
Q

Osteoclasis

A

Oste/o - bone
Clasis - to break

Surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity

116
Q

Periosteotomy

A

Peri- surrounding
Oste/o - bone
Surgical incision through periosteum of bone

117
Q

Closed reduction

A

Manipulation, attempt realignment of bone manually applied force and immobilization(stabilization)

118
Q

Traction

A

A pulling force excerpted on a limb in a distal direction to return bone/joint to normal alignment

119
Q

External fixation

A

Fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through soft tissue and bone while healing to hold firmly in place

120
Q

Internal fixation

A

Open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) plate or pins place directly into bones to hold broken pieces in place

Med Term (6 decks)

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