ch 4 cognitive factors

Question 1

cognitive factors

Answer 1

decision-making, attention, motivation, emotional aspects, memory etc.

Question 2

movement is more difficult when the

Answer 2

cognitive demands of a task are higher

Question 3

Factors that affect ability to respond to a stimulus

Answer 3

-individual
-stimulus factors
-number of response choices
-stimulus-response compatibility
- response complexity
-required accuracy of response
-time between response (psychological refractory period)
-task practice

Question 4

cognitive factors-individual

Answer 4

anticipation (readiness to receive stimuli),anxiety, motivation

Question 5

cognitive factors- stimulus

Answer 5

modality of presentation (visual, auditory, tactile),
intensity (loudness/brightness),
complexity (amount of information),
predictability

Question 6

in the experiment with the slippery log, how did participants change behaviour when told that the log was slippery

Answer 6

foot angle decreased, foot lands on surface with less force and weight was shifted into the foot slower

Question 7

Effector anticipation

Answer 7

estimate duration of motor planning and execution of your movement
ex. baseball player decided when to swing the bat –> how long will it take to do the action of swinging the bat

Question 8

Temporal anticipation

Answer 8

ability to anticipate when a stimulus will occur

Question 9

what does temporal anticipation depend on?

Answer 9

foreperiod regularity and foreperiod duration

Question 10

what is foreperiod?

Answer 10

interval between warning cue and onset of stimulus

Question 11

regular (constant) foreperiod results in

Answer 11

shorter rxn time
–> can predict duration and therefore know when stimulus will occur

Question 12

too short of a foreperiod duration leads to

Answer 12

increased reaction time
–> possibly not enough time to prepare

Question 13

too long of a foreperiod duration leads to

Answer 13

1. increased rxn time when ‘catch’ trials intermixed
2. shorter rxn time when no ‘catch’ trial present
   –> longer duration= more probablt that stimulus will occur

Question 14

what is a ‘catch’ trial?

Answer 14

trial where stimulus is normally withheld
ex. 100m sprint: ready, set,…. (don’t say go; this ‘catches’ those who are consciously or unconsciously anticipating the stimulus)

Question 15

Catch trials help reduce

Answer 15

anticipation

Question 16

dual-task paragdims

Answer 16

-used to study how multitasking affects movement
-logic/assumption
-has a primary and secondary task

Question 16

types of secondary tasks in dual-task paragdims

Answer 16

1. continuous secondary task= performed throughout primary task
2. discrete secondary task= a stimulus that the participant needs to respond to (presented at various times throughout task)

Question 17

primary task is usually the

Answer 17

motor behaviour (walking, reaching, standing etc.)

Question 18

“capacity interference”

Answer 18

decline in performance due to limited central capacity
(doing two tasks–> performance will decline in one or both)

Question 19

cognitive decline increases fall risk,
what are tests to determine cognitive decline?

Answer 19

Go-No-Go
Stroop Interference
Trail making

Question 20

Interventions to improve cognitive function

Answer 20

1. Attention-demanding video games – E.g., BrainHQ
2. Exercising to improve cognitive skills (e.g., Quigley et al. 2020)
3. Exergaming
   – Training attention with an interactive game while exercising

Question 21

arousal

Answer 21

internal state of alertness/excitement

Question 22

anxiety

Answer 22

emotional and cognitive impact or arousal, such as tension or nervousness

Question 23

optimal performance requires

Answer 23

moderate arousal levels
–> too low/too high= decreased performance
–>inverted U curve

Question 24

complex skills may require —- arousal levels compared to simple skills

Answer 24

lower

Question 25

complex skills may require —- arousal levels compared to simple skills

Answer 25

lower

Question 26

threatening situations lead to —- gait speed

Answer 26

slower

Question 27

perceived threat behaviour

Answer 27

-cautious gait strategy
-altered gaze fixation strategies

Question 28

perceived threat and postural sway

Answer 28

postural sway decreases with fear

Question 29

3 stages of cognitive processing

Answer 29

stimulus identification, response selection, response programming