ch 4 cognitive factors Flashcards
cognitive factors
decision-making, attention, motivation, emotional aspects, memory etc.
movement is more difficult when the
cognitive demands of a task are higher
Factors that affect ability to respond to a stimulus
-individual
-stimulus factors
-number of response choices
-stimulus-response compatibility
- response complexity
-required accuracy of response
-time between response (psychological refractory period)
-task practice
cognitive factors-individual
anticipation (readiness to receive stimuli),anxiety, motivation
cognitive factors- stimulus
modality of presentation (visual, auditory, tactile),
intensity (loudness/brightness),
complexity (amount of information),
predictability
in the experiment with the slippery log, how did participants change behaviour when told that the log was slippery
foot angle decreased, foot lands on surface with less force and weight was shifted into the foot slower
Effector anticipation
estimate duration of motor planning and execution of your movement
ex. baseball player decided when to swing the bat –> how long will it take to do the action of swinging the bat
Temporal anticipation
ability to anticipate when a stimulus will occur
what does temporal anticipation depend on?
foreperiod regularity and foreperiod duration
what is foreperiod?
interval between warning cue and onset of stimulus
regular (constant) foreperiod results in
shorter rxn time
–> can predict duration and therefore know when stimulus will occur
too short of a foreperiod duration leads to
increased reaction time
–> possibly not enough time to prepare
too long of a foreperiod duration leads to
- increased rxn time when ‘catch’ trials intermixed
- shorter rxn time when no ‘catch’ trial present
–> longer duration= more probablt that stimulus will occur
what is a ‘catch’ trial?
trial where stimulus is normally withheld
ex. 100m sprint: ready, set,…. (don’t say go; this ‘catches’ those who are consciously or unconsciously anticipating the stimulus)
Catch trials help reduce
anticipation
dual-task paragdims
-used to study how multitasking affects movement
-logic/assumption
-has a primary and secondary task
types of secondary tasks in dual-task paragdims
- continuous secondary task= performed throughout primary task
- discrete secondary task= a stimulus that the participant needs to respond to (presented at various times throughout task)
primary task is usually the
motor behaviour (walking, reaching, standing etc.)
“capacity interference”
decline in performance due to limited central capacity
(doing two tasks–> performance will decline in one or both)
cognitive decline increases fall risk,
what are tests to determine cognitive decline?
Go-No-Go
Stroop Interference
Trail making
Interventions to improve cognitive function
- Attention-demanding video games – E.g., BrainHQ
- Exercising to improve cognitive skills (e.g., Quigley et al. 2020)
- Exergaming
– Training attention with an interactive game while exercising
arousal
internal state of alertness/excitement
anxiety
emotional and cognitive impact or arousal, such as tension or nervousness
optimal performance requires
moderate arousal levels
–> too low/too high= decreased performance
–>inverted U curve
complex skills may require —- arousal levels compared to simple skills
lower
complex skills may require —- arousal levels compared to simple skills
lower
threatening situations lead to —- gait speed
slower
perceived threat behaviour
-cautious gait strategy
-altered gaze fixation strategies
perceived threat and postural sway
postural sway decreases with fear
3 stages of cognitive processing
stimulus identification, response selection, response programming
