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207 > ch 1: sensorimotor cntrl intro > Flashcards

ch 1: sensorimotor cntrl intro Flashcards

1
Q

motor behaviour

A

includes individual movements and motor skills

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2
Q

motor skill

A

goal-directed task, voluntary head/limb/body movements, made up of a series of movements

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3
Q

movement

A

make up components of a motor skill

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4
Q

how are movements different than skills?

A

skills= related to the outcome
movement= relate to specific characteristics

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5
Q

motor behaviour is a combination of ____ and ____ control

A

feedforward, feedback

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6
Q

feedforward control

A

Uses sensory information prior to the execution of movement rather than during the
movement, rapid, planned
ex. swatting a mosquito

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7
Q

feedback control

A

uses sensory feedback during movement
ex. catching a ball

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8
Q

4 sensorimotor problems associated with control of movement

A
  1. degrees of freedom
  2. serial-order problem
  3. sensorimotor integration problem
  4. motor learning problem
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9
Q

What problems do DOF solve?

A

avoid injury by limiting extreme joint angles

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10
Q

serial order problem

A

movements must be sequences by nervous system. must form a “motor plan”. can use co-articulation (simultaneous motion of different effectors/limbs over a period of time)

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11
Q

sensorimotor integration problem

A

sensory info is captured by many different types of receptors- which to use? which spatial coordinates? (body-centered, world-centered, etc.)

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12
Q

Motor learning problem

A

which motor skills are we born with and which need to be learned?

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13
Q

postural stability (balance)

A

ability to keep the body’s COM within BOS

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14
Q

standing balance has a small amount of

A

postural sway

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15
Q

factors affecting postural sway

A

1) Physical characteristics of the individual (age, fatigue)
2) Stance Posture (BOS)
3) Support surface characteristics (compliant terrain incr. sway)
4) Availability of sensory information/systems
5) Psychological Factors (fear, multitasking)

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16
Q

3 sensory systems

A

visual, vestibular, somatosensory

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17
Q

anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs)

A

postural mechanisms that occur prior to or during postural disturbance due to self movement

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18
Q

purpose of APAs?

A
  1. to maintain postural stability (equilibrium)
  2. to stabilize the position of relevant body segments
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19
Q

reaching/grasping- what needs to be known?

A

-location of target
-characteristics of target
-initial shoulder/arm configuration

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20
Q

3 components of reaching

A

-transport hand to object
-align hand w object
-pre-shaping of fingers to grab object

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21
Q

Saccades

A

Rapid voluntary movements of the eyes. too fast for sensory feedback

22
Q

smooth pursuit

A

a type of voluntary eye movement in which the eyes move smoothly to follow a moving object

23
Q

why are they called “APAs’ if they sometimes happen at the same time as the primary movement?

A

delays in both sensory processing and motor action. Even if APA happens at same time as primary movement, it is still anticipatory because the brain had to plan that adjustment before the movement occured

24
Q

What are the first muscles to activate during and arm raise while standing?

A

posterior leg muscles (gastrocnemius and hamstring) activate first to counteract the COM disturbance caused by raising your arm

25
Q

Why do you first need to shift your weight to the leg that will be raised?

A

need to shift weight to the “support” side but to do that you need to push your COM towards the support side using the leg that will eventually be raised

26
Q

where is the COM? how is it changed?

A

-the point that is the centre of the total body mass
-roughly at belly button
-nervous system attempts to control the position of this through activation of different muscles

27
Q

BOS

A

-base of support
-area of the body that is in contact with the support surface + space on the ground between these contact points

28
Q

COP

A

centre of distribution of total force applied to supporting surface

29
Q

where is COP when standing on one foot?

A

edge of supporting foot

30
Q

where is COP when standing on two feet?

A

somewhere in between both feet (depending on which side you are leaning on more)

31
Q

If you move, you are disturbing your —

A

COM. which you must control. APAs minimize potential disturbance that the movement may cause

32
Q

WALKING:
goal-directed walking relies on —-

A

multiple sensory systems, relies heavily on spinal cord integration

33
Q

Phases of walking

A
  1. stance phase
  2. swing phase
34
Q

think of walking as —

A

a series of controlled falls

35
Q

gaze shifts involve coordination between

A

the eyes and the head

36
Q

neuromechanical limit

A

the largest eye movements are no greater than about 40-45 degrees in either direction from the central orbital position

37
Q

how can we extend the neuromechanical limit?

A

head movements accompany eye movements.

38
Q

how do eyes and head work together?

A

eyes move first, then head moves while gaze remains on target

39
Q

3 factors of motor behaviour (the framework diagram)

A
  1. the environment
  2. the individual
  3. the task
40
Q

Individual- subcategories

A
  1. cognitive: attention, motivation, emotional
  2. sensory: sensory info
  3. motor: accuracy of movement, coordinates muscles and joints
41
Q

Task- subcategories

A
  1. object interaction (carrying, hitting it, manipulating it?)
  2. stability constraints (relates to BOS) as each requires different level of control
    –> stationary BOS=sitting ,standing
    –> moving BOS=walking
42
Q

Environment: what are the relevant environmental features that affect motor behaviour?

A
  • size, shape and speed of objects
  • terrain
  • weather
  • ambient lighting
43
Q

3 categories of motor behaviour

A
  1. reflexive: involuntary patterns of muscle contraction and relaxation
  2. rhythmic: repetitive (chewing, swallowing, scratching, walking)
  3. voluntary: goal-directed
44
Q

3 one-dimensional classification systems for motor behaviour

A
  1. size of primary musculature required (gross vs. fine)
  2. specificity (continuous vs. discrete)
  3. stability of environment (open; changing envt vs. closed; stable envt)
45
Q

discrete, continuous or serial?
kicking a ball

A

discrete

46
Q

discrete, continuous or serial?
swimming

A

continuous

47
Q

discrete, continuous or serial?
gymnastics routine

A

serial

48
Q

continuous movements can be divided into types of tracking tasks:

A
  1. pursuit tracking
  2. compensatory tracking
  3. step tracking
49
Q

pursuit tracking

A

eyes track a moving object

50
Q

compensatory tracking

A

maintain target value at a set location
–> example: turbulence may affect aircraft instruments, pilot returns it to “normal”

51
Q

step tracking

A

ex. an object suddenly shifts to a new location and you must quickly shift gaze to follow

207 (12 decks)

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